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DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 1
COPYRIGHT (C) 1981 BY
DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, MAYNARD, MASS.
THIS SOFTWARE IS FURNISHED UNDER A LICENSE AND MAY BE USED AND COPIED
ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS OF SUCH LICENSE AND WITH THE
INCLUSION OF THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICE. THIS SOFTWARE OR ANY OTHER
COPIES THEREOF MAY NOT BE PROVIDED OR OTHERWISE MADE AVAILABLE TO ANY
OTHER PERSON. NO TITLE TO AND OWNERSHIP OF THE SOFTWARE IS HEREBY
TRANSFERRED.
THE INFORMATION IN THIS SOFTWARE IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE
AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS A COMMITMENT BY DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
CORPORATION.
DIGITAL ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE USE OR RELIABILITY OF ITS
SOFTWARE ON EQUIPMENT WHICH IS NOT SUPPLIED BY DIGITAL.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
This document is designed as a users guide to DDT version 42 in
so far as it has changed from previous versions of DDT. It is not a
complete users guide to all the wonders of DDT, just those new
features which have recently been implemented (although directed
primarily at new features only in DDT version 41 and 42, some
documentation is included to describe other aspects of DDT which have
been around for a longer period of time, but were never fully
understood or otherwise documented).
Throughout this document it is assumed that the reader is already
familiar with DDT and the MACRO assembly language in general as well
as the appropriate operating system(s).
This document has been updated for changes through DDT 42, edit
320.
2.0 CONFIGURATIONS
DDT version 42 will run on KA-10's, KI-10's, KL-10's, and
KS-10's, using no paging, KI-paging, or KL-paging, with or without
extended addressing in user or executive mode (user and file DDT's run
only in user mode) with no special assembly needed. DDT version 42
must be assembled to run under either the TOPS-10 or the TOPS-20
operating system.
It traditionally has been a goal to maintain one single set of
source files from which all flavours of DDT are built. This goal has
been maintained.
3.0 MEMORY AND ADDRESS CONTROL
The single biggest change to DDT version 41 from earlier versions
is in the realm of memory control and how the user addresses memory
locations. Some refinements were made in this area between versions
41 and 42.
3.1 Extended Addressing
All flavours of DDT except FILDDT will run in any memory section.
Full extended addressing is supported, as are "large" addresses - DDT
will now accept a full 30-bit expression as an address. FILDDT will
handle a 35-bit address. In all cases the actual address must be
positive.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 3
3.1.1 Symbol Table Restrictions - There are certain restrictions
however which must be adhered to in order for DDT to function
correctly. The first restriction is that the symbol table logic is
essentially section-dependent, i.e., the symbol table and its pointers
(.JBSYM=116 and .JBUSY=117, also .JBHSM=6 relative to the start of the
"high segment") must reside (i.e., be mapped) in the same section as
that in which DDT itself is running. Further, the symbol table can be
no longer than 128K words in length and must be RADIX-50 format.
3.1.2 Breakpoint Restrictions - The second restriction of which the
user must be aware concerns breakpoints. Since the hardware has no
facility to unconditionally transfer control to DDT using only
36-bits, DDT must be mapped into each section (at the same relative
address obviously) which contains code into which the user wishes to
place breakpoints.
3.1.3 Location Examining Restrictions - If DDT is running in section
0 (even on an extended addressing machine), then only locations within
section 0 (addresses 0 to 777777) may be manipulated. DDT will ignore
the left half of expressions typed as addresses and so will work much
like it did prior to version 41.
3.2 Effective Address Calculation
DDT version 42 can calculate effective address references using either
"local" or IFIW (Instruction Format Indirect Word) or "global" or EFIW
(Extended Format Indirect Word) formats. In a normal DDT
address-opening command ("/", "", <TAB>, etc.) a single <ESC>
delimiting the address expression (e.g., "MOVE 3,/ 200(10)$/" or just
"$[") instructs DDT to treat the expression as an IFIW word and
calculate the effective address exactly like the hardware would, were
the hardware to execute that 36-bit word as an instruction at location
"." (whether or not location "." is currently open).
Two <ESC>'s delimiting the address expression instructs DDT to
treat the 36-bit expression as an EFIW word and calculate the
effective address exactly as the hardware would, were the hardware to
indirectly address the 36-bit expression at location "." (whether or
not location "." is currently open). A strange case can come up about
which the user should be cautioned - there is an ambiguity as to where
(i.e., what "section") to start the effective address calculation.
DDT assumes the left half of "." (i.e., the last location opened by
the user). If for example having opened location 0,,1234 which
contains 7,,4321 the user issues the command "$$[" then DDT will
calulate the effective address as the contents of location 4321 in
section 0 indexed by the right half of register 7, and if bit 13 is
on, treating that word as an IFIW and continuing the address
calculation. This, although probably not what was expected, is in
fact exactly what the hardware would do since the indirect word came
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 4
from section 0. Had the user opened location 1,,1234 (containing
7,,4321) then DDT would take the contents of location 7004321 and
continue from there.
If no <ESC>'s delimit the address expression, then DDT simply
uses the full 36-bit expression as the address (e.g., "30,,30/" says
open location 30000030, i.e. location 30 in section 30.
In certain circumstances, DDT will default the section number to
the current section. This occurs when:
1. The user typed nothing before the register opening command
thus causing DDT to use the last quantity typed by DDT.
2. The typed expression has a 0 left half and no comma was
typed.
Hence, if .=3,,1234 and FOO=1000,
FOO/
will open location 3,,1000. This is typically what one wants since
tags are always defined with a 0 section number by present MACRO/LINK.
3.3 Modifying Memory
Two new commands have been added to facilitate DDT's manipulation of
the user address space.
3.3.1 Automatic Write-enable - The $W or $0W command instructs DDT
to, if the user attempts to deposit into a write-protected memory
location, automatically attempt to write-enable the memory location,
do the memory deposit, then finally re-write-protect the memory
location (default for TOPS-10); the $$W or $$0W command instructs DDT
to simply give an error indication if the user attempts to change a
write-protected memory location (default for TOPS-20). For FILDDT the
use of this command is restricted to non-file usage such as "DDT'ing"
the running monitor/memory space.
3.3.2 Automatic Page-creation - The $1W command instructs DDT to
automatically try to create the page the user is trying to deposit
into if it doesn't already exist (default for TOPS-20); the $$1W
command instructs DDT to simply give an error indication if the user
attempts to write into a non-existant page (default for TOPS-10).
EDDT and FILDDT doing super I/O or "DDT'ing" an .EXE file will NEVER
attempt to create a non-existant page. For FILDDT the user must
specify patching the file when he starts FILDDT in order to be able to
create new pages (e.g., extend the file or fill in a gap in the middle
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 5
of the file (TOPS-20 only)).
3.4 Page Mapping And Physical Addressing
In DDT version 42 some flavours of DDT support page mapping and
address relocation as well as register and physical address
manipulation. All of these functions use some variation of the $U/$$U
DDT command. In general these functions may be mixed together (for
example address relocation and page mapping).
3.4.1 Physical Addressing - DDT now has the concept of "physical"
addressing in addition to its normal "virtual" addressing. The $U
command instructs DDT to use normal virtual addressing (what it used
to do); the $$U command instructs DDT to manually track down the
honest physical address rather than the virtual address space in which
DDT finds itself running. Physical addressing is really applicable
only to EDDT or to FILDDT looking at running monitor/memory (TOPS-10
only). User mode DDT (including EDDT running in user mode, MDDT
(TOPS-20 only), and VMDDT (TOPS-10 only)) and FILDDT looking at a disk
all treat $U and $$U identically. In physical addressing location 0
is not register 0 (i.e., DDT's internal copy of user register 0) but
rather physical memory location 0 page 0 bank 0 box 0 (that memory
location on the hardware memory bus that responds to all address bits
= 0).
When the $$U DDT command is issued "physical" locations 0 to 17
become "registers" 0 to 17. For user mode DDT this means locations 0
to 17 become DDT's registers rather than the user's registers
(although the user's registers will be properly restored on DDT-exit,
$$U merely directs DDT not to use the internal "fake" (i.e., user)
registers). For FILDDT this means file words 0 to 17 (as mapped by
the .EXE directory if used) become locations 0 to 17 (normal for a
data file).
Subsequent issuance of the $U DDT command will redirect locations
0 to 17 to being DDT's internal "fake" registers again, except for
FILDDT looking at an data file or doing super I/O to a disk.
Note that for executive mode EDDT to utilize physical addressing
the paging hardware must have been enabled PRIOR to DDT-entry. This
requirement exists because EDDT, in order to access all of physical
memory, needs to map the desired physical address into its own
(executive) virtual address space, which it does by fondling the
already-extant page maps. For EDDT to provide physical addressing
capability without this restriction would require 2 (3 if KL-paging)
more memory pages be dedicated to EDDT for building temporary page
maps, plus support code etc.
For FILDDT to examine/modify physical memory a 7.01 or later
release of the TOPS-10 monitor is required; no release of TOPS-20
supports FILDDT'ing physical memory.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 6
3.4.2 Page Mapping - Some flavours of DDT now support page mapping in
both the KI- and the KL-tradition. EDDT in executive mode will
dynamically figure out which style of paging is in effect and operate
accordingly. There currently exists no command for setting which mode
of paging simulation is desired so all other flavours of DDT
(including EDDT running in user mode) will assume the mode of paging
used by the operating system for which DDT was assembled - KI-paging
for TOPS-10 and KL-paging for TOPS-20. In executive mode EDDT or
FILDDT looking at running monitor/memory space DDT will internally
utilize physical addressing in order to provide the user the true
mapped virtual address space desired.
3.4.2.1 KI-paging - For KI-paging (TOPS-10 default) the page mapping
command syntax is upt$eptU where upt is the physical memory page
number of the user process table and ept is the physical memory page
number (octal) of the executive process table; if ept is specified
the resulting virtual address space is that of the executive process,
if ept is omitted the address space is that of the user. If both upt
and ept are omitted, DDT returns to unmapped virtual addressing.
3.4.2.2 KL-paging - For KL-paging (TOPS-20 default) the page mapping
command syntax is xpt$spxU where only one of xpt or spx is used - xpt
is the physical memory page number of the user or executive process
table and spx is the index into the SPT of the process table page
pointer (useful for looking at TOPS-20 monitor crashes). If both xpt
and spx are omitted, DDT returns to unmapped virtual addressing.
3.4.3 Setting The SPT - FILDDT will automatically define the start of
the SPT from a disk file (assumed monitor dump) from the symbol "SPT"
if it exists (TOPS-20 only). The command spt<$$U specifies to DDT
that the SPT starts at address spt.
3.4.4 Register Addressing - The command acs$$U instructs DDT to use
the 20 consecutive locations starting at acs as the registers (DDT
maintains an internal copy of the registers so changing "register" 3
will not affect (for example) acs+3). FILDDT, when reading an .EXE
file, will automatically load its internal "fake" registers as though
the user had typed CRSHAC$$U if TOPS-10 or BUGACS$$U if TOPS-20. Note
that if physical addressing mode has been entered (the user has issued
the $$U command) then the internal "fake" registers are ignored; if
the user subsequently reenters virtual addressing (via some form of
the $U command) then an adr$$U command may also have to be re-issued
to get the registers back (this does not affect the saving and
restoring of the hardware registers in user or executive DDT, only
what DDT will use for typing out locations 0 to 17).
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 7
The $U command, except for FILDDT'ing a data file or doing super
I/O to a disk, will return DDT to its internal "fake" registers. The
selection of registers is completely independent of any page mapping
in effect. Changing virtual address spaces does not change the
"registers".
In executive mode DDT only the command $$nU will switch DDT to
use (and thus display) hardware AC block n (available only for KL-10's
and KS-10's). The user is warned that $$7U on a KL-10 will bring
rapid and rabid death (the microcode uses AC block 7).
3.4.5 Address Relocation And Protection - As aid to looking at data
structures which are formed using pointers as offsets rather than
pointers as absolute values DDT version 42 will allow the user to set
both a base relocation address to be added to all addresses used in
location examining commands and a protection address beyond which the
user "virtual" (note the use of "virtual" here as meaning
pre-relocated) address is illegal. This is (coincidently) exactly
analguous to the KA-10 hardware relocation and protection strategy,
and in fact could be used as such to "mimic" the upt$eptU KI/KL/KS-10
functionality on a KA-10 in executive mode. The form of this command
is base<prot>$U where base is the base virtual address and prot is the
maximum address the user will be allowed to type in. Note that page
mapping and address relocation and protection are independent
mechanisms, with address relocation and protection being performed
before any mapping is done. The protection address has no effect on
the final "physical" address generated by any mapping currently in
effect.
3.4.6 $U Command Summary - All $U/$$U commands take the following
form:
1. bas<prt>upt$eptU (KI-paging)
2. bas<prt>xpt$spxU (KL-paging)
3. spt<xxx>acs$$nnnU
where:
1. acs:= address of 20-word register block
2. bas:= base relocation address
3. ept:= executive process table page number
4. nnn:= hardware register block number
5. prt:= protection (maximum allowable) address
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 8
6. spt:= address of SPT
7. spx:= index into SPT of user/executive process table pointer
8. upt:= user process table page number
9. xpt:= user or executive process table page number
10. xxx:= reserved for future
3.4.7 Address Checking (Executive EDDT Only) - EDDT version 42, when
running in executive mode, now is much more extensive in
validity-checking memory references. In particular, EDDT will not
cause a NXM (page fault) trap to the resident operating system if the
user types in an illegal (non-existent or unmapped) address, but
rather will simply type its ubiquitous ?<DINK><TAB> error message.
4.0 SPECIFYING THE START ADDRESS
The $G command now accepts a 30-bit address at which to start the
user program. DDT will default the section number in the same was as
for the register opening commands.
5.0 SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION TYPEIN AND TYPEOUT
DDT version 42 has expanded the range of both symbolic typein and
symbolic typeout.
5.1 Symbolic Typein
The JSYS opcode (opcode 104) has been added to TOPS-20 DDT, as have
all the TOPS-10 UUO's (but not the CALLI's etc.) for debugging
programs which run under the compatibility package.
5.2 Symbolic Typeout
DDT now goes to great pains to find any possible user-defined symbol
(such as an OPDEF) to match the expression DDT is trying to type out.
The order in which DDT searches for a symbol match in symbolic typeout
mode for non-I/O instructions is:
1. Full 36-bit match; OP, AC, I, X, and Y fields (e.g., the
TOPS-20 monitor calls such as GTJFN)
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 9
2. OP, I, X, and Y fields (e.g., the TOPS-10 monitor calls such
as FILOP.)
3. OP and AC fields (e.g., the TOPS-10 monitor calls such as
INCHWL or "instructions" such as HALT)
4. OP field only (e.g., user UUO's or "OPDEF XMOVEI [SETMI]")
5. DDT's internal hardware opcode table
The order in which DDT searches for a symbol match in symbolic typeout
mode for I/O instructions is:
1. I/O OP and DEV fields (bits 0 to 12 - e.g., KL-10 APRID or
KS-10 RDCSB)
2. Regular (non-I/O) OP field (e.g., KS-10 UMOVE)
Note that the command "_" (underscore) which forces symbolic
typeout, modifies the rules slightly so that only full word matches or
instructions will be used. Hence, you may see something like:
FOO/ CALL FIE __PUSHJ P,FIE ;CALL FIE
6.0 ASCII TYPEOUT
DDT version 42 adds the typeout mode commands $8T and $9T to
typeout 8 bit ASCII or 9 bit ASCII respectively (i.e., pick up 8 or 9
bit bytes and "type" them straight as is - which with current TOPS-10
and TOPS-20 operating systems means as 7-bit ASCII).
7.0 COMMAND FILES
The $Y command (TOPS-10 DDT only) has been changed somewhat, both in
input and output (logging) functions.
7.1 Command Input
If the user does not type a 36-bit expression to be used as a file
name (such as $""FILNAM"$Y) but just types $Y by itself then DDT will
prompt with "File:/f". After the prompt the user can enter a normal
TOPS-10 file specification in the form dev:name.type[directory] where
[directory] can of course contain SFD's.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 10
7.2 Command Output (logging)
When reading a command file ($Y command) DDT will no longer "log" all
output onto device LPT: but rather just type out onto the user
terminal.
8.0 AUTOMATIC PATCH INSERTION
The automatic patch insertion facility ($< and $> commands) are
basically the same as in version 40 of DDT with only minor
differences.
8.1 Default Patching Symbol
The list and order of default patching symbols which DDT uses when the
user does not supply an explicit patching symbol is now:
1. PAT (TOPS-10 EDDT only)
2. FFF (TOPS-20 EDDT and MDDT only)
3. PAT.. (all flavours)
4. PATCH (all flavours)
5. PAT (all flavours except TOPS-10 EDDT)
8.2 Default Patching Address
If the user does not supply an explicit patching symbol and DDT is
unable to find one of the default patching symbols then the address
specified by the right half of location .JBFF (even on TOPS-20) is
used. On patch close ($> command) if .JBFF was defaulted to, then
both the right half of location .JBFF and the left half of location
.JBSA are updated.
8.3 Patch Closing Confusion And Restriction
With DDT version 42 it no longer matters how (when) the user types the
$> command, either immediately after the final word expression, or
after a <CR> or <LF> to terminate the final word expression - DDT will
never generate a 0 word for free.
There is a very obscure restriction however on the use of the
command in conjunction with the $> command. If the user is
referencing an undefined symbol in the expression for the last word of
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 11
the patch then that expression must explicitly be terminated in such a
fashion as to close the location before terminating the patch. For
example, "MOVE T1,BLETCH $>" is illegal but "MOVE T1,BLETCH cr$>
(where "cr" indicates a carriage return) is ok.
9.0 BREAKPOINTS
The breakpoint logic in DDT was extensively revamped as of
version 41 in order to support extended addressing. The default
number of breakpoints is now 12 (decimal); and can be set (by
defining the symbol NBP=number of breakpoints) arbitrarily high
(within memory space limitations) rather than being limited to 9 or 36
(decimal) depending on which code restriction one choose to believe.
9.1 Setting Breakpoints
DDT can now set a breakpoint in code running in any section with two
restrictions:
1. If DDT is currently running in section 0 then breakpoints can
only be set in section 0 (see section 3.1.3 above).
2. DDT must be mapped in the section containing the code in
which breakpoints are to be placed (the logic of this is that
since there is no way for DDT to cause unconditional transfer
of control to DDT with only 36 bits some portion of the
section address space must be devoted to DDT; therefore,
given this restriction, one might just as well put all of DDT
in that section since it makes for a cleaner and simpler
implementation). Note that this does not mean DDT must be
running in that section, but merely that DDT must be mapped
in that section!
It does not matter into how many different sections the same code
is mapped as long as DDT is mapped into the same sections since DDT is
"section-independent". For example (taking the TOPS-20 monitor which
maps section 0 and section 1 identically) if a breakpoint is set at
address 1004567 (or 1,,4567) but the PC was 4567 (or 0,,4567, i.e., in
section 0 rather than section 1) when the breakpoint was executed DDT
does not care (as long as DDT is mapped in that section, which in the
example of the TOPS-20 monitor it is).
The syntax for setting a breakpoint is now opnadr<bptadr$nB where
n is optional and, if specified, declares the breakpoint number to be
assigned to that address; bptadr is the 30-bit address at which to
place a breakpoint; and opnadr is an optional 30-bit address to open
and display upon execution of the breakpoint. The syntax was changed
because two full 30-bit addresses could not be squeezed into two
halfwords.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 12
Breakpoints may not be set at either an ERCAL or ERJMP
"instruction" or at an instruction immediately followed by an ERCAL or
ERJMP "instruction" (TOPS-20 only). DDT still does not properly fake
out the monitor in these cases.
DDT will no longer assign two different breakpoints to the same
address, either accidentally or under user control - if the user
attempts to set a breakpoint at a location at which a (different)
breakpoint is already set, the old breakpoint is cleared first.
9.2 Breakpoint Typeout
Upon execution of a breakpoint DDT will now always typeout the user
instruction (in instruction format regardless of the permanent typeout
mode) at that breakpoint and set "." to the breakpoint address. If,
further, opnadr was specified as in section 9.1 above, then DDT will
also display the contents of location opnadr in the permanently set
typeout mode and "." will be updated to opnadr (with the breakpoint
address itself becoming the previous PC sequence and so available via
the $<CR> etc. commands).
9.3 Examining Breakpoint Locations
The $nB command continues to be the "address" of breakpoint n's
database, but $nB is no longer equal to $n-1B+3. The breakpoint
database of interest to the user now has the following format:
1. $nB+0/ If nonzero the address for breakpoint n
2. $nB+1/ The conditional break instruction (break if skips)
3. $nB+2/ The proceed count (break on transition to 0)
4. $nB+3/ If greater than or equal to zero then the address to
be displayed
The rest of the breakpoint data base should not be of use to the
user.
9.4 Unsolicited Breakpoints
DDT has the ability to handle unsolicited breakpoints (i.e.,
breakpoints that DDT did not itself set). If control passes to
location $0BPT+1 ($0BPT is a global DDT symbol) then DDT will act as
if a breakpoint had been set at the address-1 contained in location
$0BPT. The address in $0BPT must be setup as if the cpu executed a
JSR $0BPT instruction - if in section 0 then flags,,PC otherwise just
global 30-bit PC. After "hitting" an unsolicited breakpoint the user
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 13
can proceed with program execution with the $P command (all arguments
to the $P command such as proceed count or auto-proceed ($$P) are
ignored).
Although this facility gives programs the ability to cause
breakpoints at any time (thus getting into DDT with the program state
carefully preserved) it is intended to be of most use in conjunction
with an as-yet-unimplemented monitor command (such as control-D) to
"force" a breakpoint on a program without having to control-C/DDT the
program. Then the user could simply continue with the program by
typing $P.
10.0 SINGLE-STEPPING THE PROGRAM
The $X DDT command was significantly modernized (and sped up in
general) with version 41 of DDT.
10.1 New Opcodes
The ADJSP, DADD, DSUB, DMUL, and DDIV instructions have been added to
DDT's $X table although double- and quad-word integers (for DADD etc.)
are still typed out as two or four single words rather than one big
multiple precision integer. All of the extended JRST-class
instructions are correctly simulated/traced. A user-UUO being
executed in a non-zero section is simply XCT'ed and is not traced.
10.2 Byte-manipulation Typeout
A rudimentary byte-manipulation-instruction typeout facility was added
(to DDT version 40 actually) to display the byte pointer and the
contents of the effective address of the byte pointer. The
EXTEND-class instructions are not handled.
10.3 Effective Address Calculation
DDT now always calculates the effective address of the instruction
being $X'ed rather than just blindly "doing it" in order to both
prevent DDT from getting an illegal memory reference as well as to
make DDT be independent of the section in which the user PC resides
(i.e., DDT does not have to be mapped into the user PC section to
handle $X'es although if the user PC is in a non-zero section then DDT
must be in a non-zero section). Besides, it's usually faster too!
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 14
10.4 KS-10 I/O Instruction Trace
The KS-10 specific I/O instructions which reference the UNIBUS
(executive mode only) are not traced, only the contents of the
register specified in the AC field are displayed. Since the UNIBUS
device registers can be reference-volatile (i.e., merely referencing
one can cause it to change - such as the DL-11 data registers) DDT
does not typeout the contents of the referenced UNIBUS address.
Further, since the effective address of the instruction is not
calculated in a standard format (at least as far as DDT is concerned)
the effective address itself is not even displayed.
10.5 PC Skipping
If the user instruction being $X'ed skips then DDT will now typeout
"<SKIP>" if the PC skips by one location, or "<SKIP n>" if the PC
skips by n locations, where n is less than or equal to the DDT
assembly parameter SKPMAX (by default 3). If the PC changes more
drastically than that (e.g., goes to a smaller address) DDT will type
"<JUMP> instead.
10.6 ERCAL/ERJMP
DDT (TOPS-20 only) will now handle instructions followed by either an
ERCAL or an ERJMP instruction (which is really just a 72-bit
instruction with two effective addresses). If the instruction being
executed does not take the error jump then DDT will print "<ERSKP>"
after the normal instruction trace to indicate to the user that an
ERCAL or ERJMP was just skipped (i.e., the PC incremented by 2 rather
than 1) and will not display the ERCAL or ERJMP instruction. If the
instruction does take the error jump then the ERCAL or ERJMP
instruction will be displayed, if an ERCAL instruction then register
17 will also be displayed, and the PC will be changed to the error
address.
DDT will print "<ERSKP>" rather than showing the ERCAL or ERJMP
instruction since DDT has no way of telling whether or not the
instruction itself caused the skip (as in a SKIPA) or if the PC merely
"fell through" the ERCAL or ERJMP instruction (as in a successful
MOVE).
Do not attempt to $X ERCAL's or ERJMP's which use either indexing
or indirection! DDT will calculate the true effective address as if
the hardware were actually to execute the ERCAL or ERJMP just like a
JRST while the monitor just picks up the "Y" field and goes there.
Users of EDDT and MDDT should be cautioned about $Xing
instructions followed by an ERCAL or ERJMP in non-zero sections - the
monitor has a tendency to transfer control to the error address in
section 0, which will cause a BUGHLT because DDT (running in executive
mode) does non-zero section things thinking it is still in a non-zero
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 15
section.
10.7 $X Speed Up
By building into DDT a table of instructions which can cause the state
of the known world to change, and assuming the state of the world does
not change if the instruction being $X'ed is not so marked, the time
required to $X an instruction is cut by roughly a factor of 10. This
results in a dramatic performance increase especially for EDDT on
KL-10's where waiting for the console front end to switch between
secondary and primary protocol is very time-consuming.
10.8 Repetitive $X'es
The $$X command now takes an optional address range. Normally $$X
will terminate when the user PC inclusively enters the range .+1 to
.+SKPMAX (default value of SKPMAX is 3). The user may specify
lwr<upr>$$X where lwr is the lower address boundary and upr is the
upper address boundary which, if the user PC ever inclusively enters
the range so specified, terminates the $$X. If only lwr is specified
then upr defaults to lwr+SKPMAX. This command is very useful for
recovering from having $X'ed a (for example) PUSHJ instead of having
$$X'ed the (for example) PUSHJ.
10.9 $X'ing From Instr$X
If the user $X'es a return from a subroutine which was entered by
doing an instr$X (for example "PUSHJ P,SUBRTN$X where SUBRTN has a
breakpoint in it) then DDT simply "returns" from the original instr$X
rather than proceding to $X the internals of DDT itself. This is a
very obscure condition so don't worry too much about it.
10.10 $X PC
The $. command now acts like the . command only $. returns the
value of the $X PC (i.e., the address of the next instruction to be
$X'ed).
11.0 SEARCHES
Most of the differences in how DDT version 42 handles searches
are simply bug fixes, not major changes in the logic of searching.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 16
11.1 Non-existant Pages
DDT version 42 now simply skips over pages which don't exist in the
address space being searched, rather than terminating the search as
soon as a hole has been found.
11.2 Missed Matches
The bug which caused TOPS-20 DDT to miss many valid matches is fixed
in DDT version 41.
11.3 Effective Address Searches
Since almost all address calculations start with an IFIW basis (with
the exceptions being such things as interrupt vectors and the like on
KL-10's or KS-10's), DDT version 42 will assume that each word it
examines is an instruction and perform an IFIW effective address
calculation. The final result must match in all 30 bits (actually
internally DDT will do a full 36-bit compare so the address being
searched for had better not contain anything in bits 0 to 5).
11.4 Address Limit Defaults
With the advent of extended addressing and physical addressing the
address limits are defaulted somewhat differently than from previous
versions of DDT:
1. EDDT, MDDT (TOPS-20 only), UDDT, and VMDDT
1. Lower Limit: <current section>,,0
2. Upper Limit: <current section>,,777777
2. FILDDT looking at an .EXE file
1. Lower Limit: 0
2. Upper Limit: highest virtual address mapped
3. FILDDT looking at a data file
1. Lower Limit: 0
2. Upper Limit: highest word written in file
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 17
4. FILDDT looking at disk structure/unit
1. Lower Limit: 0
2. Upper Limit: highest word in disk structure/unit
5. FILDDT looking at runing monitor
1. Lower limit: 0
2. Upper limit: 777777
6. FILDDT looking at physical memory (TOPS-10 only)
1. Lower Limit: 0
2. Upper Limit: Highest extant memory address
As with any defaults not all cases will be properly "guessed" by
DDT. In particular if the user has mapping or address relocation in
effect the virtual address range so produced may have nothing
whatsoever in common with the address limit defaults chosen by DDT.
12.0 ZEROING MEMORY
The algorithm used by DDT previous to version 41 has only limited
usefulness in today's modern virtual world (especially on TOPS-20).
However, to avoid "breaking" already extant control or MIC files which
may use the $$Z command it remains unchanged. A new command has been
implemented - lwr<upr>exp$z where lwr is the lowest (starting)
address, upr is the highest (ending) address, and exp is the 36-bit
quantity to deposit in each word inclusively bounded by lwr and upr.
Both lwr and upr must be specified. If exp is not specified then 0 is
used as the default.
A special note: The creation of zeroed pages (which formerly
were non-existent) by the $Z and $$Z commands is under the control of
the automatic page create flag ($1W and $$1W commands - see section
3.3.2).
13.0 SPECIAL MASKS
DDT 42 distinguishes its internal addresses, such as masks and
breakpoints, from user program addresses. Opening a DDT internal
location will never use nor change the user default section.
Attempting to open other than defined internal locations will result
in "?" being typed, e.g. $M-1/.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 18
DDT version 42 (it actually started with DDT version 40) has
several new "masks" (for lack of a better name and/or command) of
interest to the user. None of these masks are currently displayable
(e.g., "$3M/") in FILDDT although they may be set normally.
13.1 $0M - Search Mask
The operation of the search mask continues unchanged. The search mask
may now be referenced by either the $M (old style) or the $0M
commands. The default value remains 777777777777.
13.2 $1M - TTY Control Mask
This mask controls special TTY behavior (TOPS-10 only). If bit 35 of
the mask is 0 then rubouts behave normally; if bit 35 of the mask is
1 then rubouts echo as a backspace, space, backspace sequence. No
other bits have an assigned meaning and all must be zero. The default
value is 0.
13.3 $2M - Offset Range
The 36-bit "mask" in this case is really a value, used as the maximum
offset allowable for typeing addresses in the form symbol+offset. The
default offset is 1000 (octal).
13.4 $3M - Byte Mask
This mask is used in conjunction with the $O command for typing bytes
in a word that are not necessarily evenly spaced. Whenever an $O
command is issued without an explicit byte size the byte boundaries
are determined by one-bits in the byte mask - each one bit in the byte
mask marks the low order bit of a byte. Bit 35 is always considered
on. The default value is 0 (i.e., one 36-bit byte). For example the
DDT command 040100200401$3M sets the byte mask for typing
right-justified 8-bit bytes (preceded by the leading 4-bit byte).
14.0 RADIX-50 SYMBOL TYPEIN
Since prehistoric times DDT has supported RADIX-50 symbol typein,
but that fact was never documented. The syntax for using a RADIX-50
symbol as an 36-bit item in an expression is sym$5" where sym is the
desired RADIX-50 symbol. For example, to search for all occurences of
the symbol PAT.. the DDT commands 37777,,-1$M (only look at low-order
32 bits) and PAT..$5"$W suffice.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 19
15.0 NEW DDT RUNTIME INFORMATION
Several new words have been added to DDT's runtime table
describing the state of the machine upon (executive mode only)
DDT-entry. These words are all accessible via the DDT command
$I+offset (not available in FILDDT):
1. $I+00/ APR CONI word
2. $I+01/ PI CONI word
3. $I+02/ Mask of PI channels turned off by EDDT
4. $I+03/ Executive virtual address of EPT
5. $I+04/ Executive virtual address of UPT
6. $I+05/ Executive virtual address of CST
7. $I+06/ Executive virtual address of SPT
8. $I+07/ Original AC-block word (DATAI PAG) if $$nU
9. $I+10/ Mapping word - physical addressing if negative;
unmapped virtual addressing if zero, otherwise
1B1+EPT,,1B19+UPT if KI-paging or 1B1+EPT/UPT if KL-paging
10. $I+11/ Fake register flag - use physical 0 - 17 if zero; use
internal "fake" 0 - 17 otherwise
16.0 OBSOLETE COMMANDS
The executive mode paper tape facilities (^R, $J, and $L DDT
commands) are no longer supported. The code is left in the source
file for reference purposes but will soon be removed.
17.0 FILDDT STARTUP AND COMMANDS
FILDDT is a special version of DDT with the facilities for
"DDT'ing" address spaces other than its own, such as disk files and in
particular .EXE files. FILDDT has existed for years but has always
been off in the background as a specialized "tool" for the exclusive
use of monitor programmers looking at crash durolled by use of the $U
and $$U commands). This is a privileged command.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 20
17.0.1 /P Command - The /P command or function switch instructs
FILDDT to enable for writing as well as reading the specified address
space. Note that DDT's internal fake registers are always writable.
17.0.2 /S Command - The /S command or function switch instructs
FILDDT to only extract the symbol table from the file specified,
replacing any symbol table FILDDT may already have. Unless overridden
by the inclusion of a /F command FILDDT will, after having read the
symbol table, again prompt the user for the next FILDDT command.
17.0.3 /U Command - The /U command or function switch is applied to a
file structure or disk unit only rather than a complete file
specification and indicates to FILDDT that the user wants the entire
physical address space represented by that file structure or disk unit
name independent of any "file structure mapping" normally imposed by
the monitor. This is a privileged command.
17.1 TOPS-20
With DDT version 42, FILDDT on TOPS-20 runs in native mode, and in
particular, uses the PMAP monitor call for all regular file access.
FILDDT will also type a brief message telling what address space is
about to be "DDT'ed" before going into DDT mode.
17.1.1 DRIVE Command - The format of the DRIVE command is:
DRIVE (FOR PHYSICAL I/O IS ON CHANNEL) c (UNIT) u
The DRIVE command allows examination of the disk unit u on system
channel c without regard for whether it is mounted as part of a file
structure, or indeed whether it even has the necessary information so
that it could be so mounted (as if the HOME blocks were wiped out).
If, however, the drive is part of a mounted file structure, FILDDT
will type a message indicating the structure to which it belongs.
This is a privileged command.
17.1.2 ENABLE DATA-FILE Command - The ENABLE DATA-FORMAT command
instructs FILDDT to treat the file as pure data, even if a valid .EXE
directory is detected, and in particular to use real file words 0 to
17 as locations 0 to 17.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 21
17.1.3 ENABLE PATCHING Command - The ENABLE PATCHING command
instructs FILDDT to enable any subsequently specified address space
for patching (writing). This command is ignored when looking at the
running monitor since there is no monitor call to "poke" the running
monitor.
17.1.4 EXIT Command - The EXIT command instructs FILDDT to return to
command level. If FILDDT has an internal symbol table (due to a
previous LOAD or GET FILDDT command) then a SAVE command will save
FILDDT with the symbols pre-loaded.
17.1.5 GET Command - The format of the GET command is:
GET (FILE) filespec (optional switches)
The GET command instructs FILDDT to set up the disk file filespec
as the address space to be "DDT'ed", as modified by the optional
switches or previous ENABLE commands. The available switches are:
17.1.5.1 /DATA - The /DATA switch is equivilent to a previous ENABLE
DATA-FILE command.
17.1.5.2 /PATCH - The /PATCH switch is equivilent to a previous
ENABLE PATCHING command.
17.1.5.3 /SYMBOL - The /SYMBOL switch instructs FILDDT to extract
symbols from the specified .EXE file before "DDT'ing" the file,
discarding any symbols that FILDDT may already have. This switch is
legal only with .EXE files.
17.1.6 HELP Command - The HELP command instructs FILDDT to type out a
short summary of the available FILDDT commands.
17.1.7 LOAD Command - The format of the LOAD command is:
LOAD (SYMBOLS FROM) filespec
The LOAD command instructs FILDDT to extract symbols from the
disk file filespec, which must be an .EXE file, then to return to
FILDDT command level. This command is legal only for .EXE files.
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17.1.8 PEEK Command - The PEEK command instructs FILDDT to use the
currently running monitor as the address space to be "DDT'ed". The
address space so available is currently limited to monitor executive
virtual addresses 0 to 777777, since the PEEK monitor call will only
accept 18-bit address arguments for executive virtual addresses.
Physical memory addressing is not available. This is a privileged
command.
17.1.9 STRUCTURE Command - The format of the STRUCTURE command is:
STRUCTURE (FOR PHYSICAL I/O IS) str:
The STRUCTURE command instructs FILDDT to use as the address
space to be "DDT'ed" the entire disk file structure str independent of
any "file structure mapping" normally imposed by the monitor. This is
a privileged command.
17.2 Defaults
Following is a list of the various defaults supplied by FILDDT:
1. DSK: is the default file device unless super I/O is
specified (which requires an explicit file structure or disk
unit name).
2. .EXE is the default file type or extension unless either a
data file or super I/O is specified, in which case there is
no default file type or extension.
3. The default directory is the user's default directory.
4. The specified address space is read-only.
5. If "DDT'ing" an .EXE file and FILDDT does not already have a
symbol table, extract the symbol table (if any) from the .EXE
file first.
6. If "DDT'ing" an .EXE file and the symbol CRSHAC (if TOPS-10)
or BUGACS (if TOPS-20) exists, give a "free" CRSHAC$$U or
BUGACS$$U command. If the CRSHAC/BUGACS symbol does not
exist then use file words 0 to 17 (if any) as mapped by the
.EXE directory for locations 0 to 17. For TOPS-20 only, if
the symbol SPT exists then also give a free SPT<$$U command
as well.
DDT42 - DDT %42 Users Guide to New Features Page 23
17.3 Other FILDDT-specific Commands
Following are the commands which are unique (or different) to FILDDT.
17.3.1 ^E Command - The ^E command instructs FILDDT to exit the
current address space and prompt the user for a new address space.
The ^E command is equivilent to a ^Z, START command sequence.
17.3.2 ^Z Command - The ^Z command instructs FILDDT to exit to
monitor level after having written out any changes to the current file
(if any). It is most important that the user exit only via ^Z (or ^E
which does an implicit ^Z) in order to guarantee the integrity of the
file data (if any) - a ^C can leave a file in an indeterminate state
(some changes written out to the disk and some not).
17.3.3 I/O Errors - Should FILDDT incur an I/O error reading or
writing a disk file, a warning message will be issued but FILDDT will
otherwise ignore the error. This is to allow the user the ability to
manually fix a file with bad data by rewriting the data correctly
(hoping the rewritting operation clears the error condition - if the
physical disk surface itself is at fault, then it is probably
hopeless).
[End of DDT 42 Users Guide]