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.JUSTIFY
.LEFT MARGIN 6
.RIGHT MARGIN 72
.FIGURE 8
.CENTER
Operational and Internal Differences
.SKIP 2
.CENTER
Between
.SKIP 2
.CENTER
GALAXY v2 to v4.1
.SKIP 10
.LITERAL
Copyright (C) 1982
Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

This software is furnished under a license and may be  used  and
copied  only  in  accordance  with the terms of such license and
with the inclusion of the above copyright notice.  This software
or  any  other  copies  thereof may not be provided or otherwise
made available to any other person.  No title to  and  ownership
of the software is hereby transferred.

The information in this software is subject  to  change  without
notice  and  should  not be construed as a commitment by Digital
Equipment Corporation.

Digital  assumes no responsibility for the use or reliability of
its software on equipment which is not supplied by Digital.
.END LITERAL
.PAGE
.TITLE GALAXY 4.1
Version 4.1 is the new release of the GALAXY Multistream Batch and
Spooling System for TOPS-10. It contains mountable device facilities,
the ability for a spooler to drive multiple devices, a new operator
interface providing a common command syntax for all spoolers, and a new
accounting system. The programs or components that make up the TOPS-10
GALAXY system are:
.LITERAL

		ACTDAE	Accounting daemon
		BATCON	Batch controller
		CDRIVE	Card reader spooler
		GLXLIB	Sharable GALAXY Object-Time-System
		LPTSPL	Line printer spooler
		MOUNT	User mount-class command entry program
		OPR	Operator interface
		ORION	Operator interface controller
		PLEASE	Operator/User communications program
		PULSAR	Tape label and disk processor
		QUASAR	Queue manager and resource allocator
		QUEUE	User queue-class command entry program
		QMANGR	GALAXY/MPB interface
		SPROUT	Card punch, paper tape punch and plotter spooler
		SPRINT	Card reader interpreter

.END LITERAL
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE Operational differences
.HEADER LEVEL 1 OPERATIONAL DIFFERENCES
.SUBTITLE GALAXY Startup Procedures
.HEADER LEVEL 2 GALAXY Startup Proceedures
Under GALAXY version 2, all components were started up under OPSER. With
the exception of QUASAR all had to be attached to a terminal because each
spooler had its own command scanner. Furthermore, each spooler was capable
of driving only one device. Under GALAXY version 4.1, all components except
for the operator interface program (OPR) can run detached. No spoolers have
command scanners and all may drive multiple devices. A GALAXY system may
still be started up under OPSER, but it is counterproductive to tie up a
terminal and several PTYs to control programs that will never type out
messages or accept commands from the operator. The recommended method of
starting up a GALAXY system is by using INITIA. When INITIA runs from the
CTY at system startup, it takes its commands from SYS:SYSJOB.INI.
.SKIP 1
Starting programs with SYSJOB has several advantages over using OPSER.
First, SYSJOB offers extremley fast startup time. Second, the SYSJOB
mechanism allows programs that are critical to system operation to get
started well before all others. When SYSJOB.INI is processed, LOGIN
commands do not run the LOGIN CUSP. Instead, the monitor will log the
job in to [1,2] in the same way that the CTY has the option of logging
in following a disk refresh during the ONCE dialogue. The monitor will
set the PPN to [1,2] and assign all DEC privileges. The job's search list
remains empty. When a program name is encountered in SYSJOB.INI, that
program is run from SYS:. Once the program starts up, it must detach
itself immediately and another line from SYSJOB.INI is processed. A
sample SYSJOB.INI file would look like:
.LITERAL

		LOGIN
		ACTDAE
		LOGIN
		DAEMON
		LOGIN
		FILDAE
		LOGIN
		QUASAR
		LOGIN
		ORION
		LOGIN
		PULSAR
		LOGIN
		BATCON
		LOGIN
		LPTSPL
		
.END LITERAL
Each pair of commands will LOGIN a job and run the program specified
by the second word in the pair of commands. First the accounting daemon
(ACTDAE) starts up and detaches followed by DAEMON and the FILDAE. The
order of these programs starting up is not critical unless accounting
is of major importance. The GALAXY jobs follow, each logging in and
detaching. Spoolers should be started after QUASAR starts.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE Accounting
.HEADER LEVEL 2 Accounting
The Usage Accounting System consists of the accounting daemon (ACTDAE)
and the programs that interface to it. Those programs include all GALAXY
components that create Usage Accounting entries, LOGIN, BACKUP plus the
LOGOUT and QUEUE. UUOs. All data concerning Usage Accounting resides on
ersatz device ACT:. With this new style of accounting, a site has the
option of requiring account string validation. This feature insures that
the account string selected for use by the user is valid and is stored
in all accounting entries created for that user. The GALAXY system will
perform account validation prior to processing any output queue requests.
Validation is not done for batch jobs until the job starts to run because
the LOGIN process will take care of it.
.SKIP 1
Specific information relating to the content of Usage Accounting files
is available in the TOPS-10/TOPS-20 Usage Accounting specification.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Account string validation
Account validation refers to the function performed by LOGIN and various
GALAXY components whereby the ACTDAE is asked to verify that a particular
account string is legal for a user. For example, a user might try to print
a file with an account string different from the one he or she logged in with.
Obviously, the logged in account string is legal, because LOGIN set it, but
the one specified on the PRINT command may not be legal. Prior to creating
the queue request, the ACTDAE is queried regarding the validity of the
account string for the user. If the string is legal, then the queue request
gets created normally. If however, the string is illegal, an error message
will be printed on the user's terminal and the request will not be created.
Whether or not the account validation is required is determined by the
setting of a bit in the monitor. A site may chose not to have account
validation by answering 'NO' to the MONGEN dialogue question
'Account#verification(Y,N)'. In addition, at system startup, the
/NOVALIDATION switch may be appended to any answer to the question
'Startup#option:'.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Setting up account strings
All work performed for a user by GALAXY gets charged to an account. The
Usage Accounting system uses an account string of 1 to 39 ASCII characters
to uniquely identify a user or group of users and the work that was charged
to them. Account strings are not stored in ACCT.SYS with the rest of a
user's accounting profile, because a user may have several account strings.
The mapping of a PPN to an account string is done by the PROJCT program
using input from PROJCT.ACT. This file contains text that may be edited
using any text editor. Each line in PROJCT.ACT maps a single PPN or
wildcarded PPN to a list of one or more account strings. The format is:
.LITERAL

		proj,prog = string1/switch, string2, ...

.END LITERAL
where 'proj' and 'prog' can be possibly wildcarded values. A question mark
(?) indicates a wild digit and an asterisk (*) a wild value. Each string
following the equal sign may contain wildcards as well. Again, the question
mark indicates a wild character and an asterisk a wild string or remainder
of a string. An optional switch /DEFAULT may be appended to the end of a
string. This means that if a user fails to specify an account string, this
one will be the default. Typical entries in PROJCT.ACT might look like this:
.LITERAL

		10,56=GALAXY-10,galaxy-10
		10,3076=CHUCK/DEFAULT,G*,H?H*
		10,*=*
		27,5434=WRITER

.END LITERAL
In the above examples, user [10,56] has two account strings, one upper
cased named 'GALAXY-10' and one lower cased 'galaxy-10'. User [10,3076]
has four valid account strings. 'CHUCK' is the default account string
when a string isn't specified and string beginning with 'G' or matching the
pattern 'H<single-character>H' at the begining of a string will be legal.
The third example indicates that any project 10 PPN not already specified
in PROJCT.ACT may have any account string. User [27,5434] has a single
account string named 'WRITER'.
.SKIP 1
Note that by default, case is significant. The ACTDAE can be reassembled
so that it will convert all account strings to upper case before performing
any validation. This may be done by setting FTCASECONVERT to be non-zero
in ACTDAE.MAC.
.SKIP 1
Once the system administrator has created PROJCT.ACT, the PROJCT program
must be run. It will translate PROJCT.ACT, a text file into PROJCT.SYS,
a binary file suitable for input to the ACTDAE.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Setting account strings for jobs created by SYSJOB.INI
If a site maintains detailed accounting records for operator jobs such
as the GALAXY components, DAEMON, FILDAE, etc., then it is necessary to
set an account string for jobs created by SYSJOB.INI. Normally LOGIN
would set the account string, but SYSJOB-created jobs are special. The
monitor logs in these jobs and bypasses the standard LOGIN process.
To get around the lack of an account string, the command
'SET#DEFAULT#ACCOUNT#xxx' may be added to the beginning of SYSJOB.INI.
This will cause all jobs logged in by the monitor to have account 'xxx'
set for them.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Remark strings
The Usage Accounting System allows remark text to be specified at LOGIN
time by a user. A remark is a text string of 1 to 39 ASCII characters and
may contain any information a user decides to type in. This text is stored
in the Usage Accounting files and is never used internally by the monitor
or any program.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Usage files produced by ACTDAE
The accounting daemon writes ASCII Usage data into ACT:USAGE.OUT. The
operator has two options available through the OPR program for dealing
with the ACTDAE output. One OPR command 'SET#USAGE#BILLING-CLOSURE'
causes ACTDAE to close ACT:USAGE.OUT at the specified time and rename it
to ACT:yymmdd.xxx on a daily basis. 'yymmdd' represents the numeric year,
month, and day that the file was closed and 'hhu' the number of hours plus
the fraction of an hour past midnight. Another OPR command,
'SET#USAGE#FILE-CLOSURE' will direct ACTDAE to checkpoint ACT:USAGE.OUT
at the specified interval.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 FACT file accounting
To ease the conversion from GALAXY version 2 to 4.1 and from FACT file to
Usage Accounting, GALAXY components will produce both FACT file entries
and Usage Accounting records. As another aid to help the conversion
process, the CONV10 program will convert Usage Accounting files to FACT
file formatted files. Future GALAXY releases will not support FACT file
accounting. FACT file accounting may be turned off should a site not wish
to use two types of accounting systems.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE Master Queue File Changes
.HEADER LEVEL 2 Master Queue File Changes
The format of the Master Queue File has changed since version 2. If a
site anticipates experimenting with version 4.1 and then dropping back
to version 2, then one of two things should be done: 1. Copies of each
queue file will have to be saved and switched back and forth to coincide
with the matching version of QUASAR. This method could prove rather
cumbersome. 2. An alternative would be to convert the queue file from
version 2 to 4.1 or the other way around. A conversion program (QSRCVT)
is supplied as an unsupported tool to help any site that might want to
attempt converting the queue files.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE Operator Interface
.HEADER LEVEL 2 Operator Interface
The new operator interface acts as the command parser for all spoolers.
It consists of two parts. The first is the OPR program which parses
commands typed by the operator and displays text generated by the GALAXY
system. The second part is the ORION program. It is the operator controller
responsible for logging and routing messages sent to and from each OPR.
The 4.1 operator interface is the same one released with GALAXY version 4
on TOPS-20, but with TOPS-10 specific features added to it.
.SKIP 1
In order to run OPR, a user must have Operator Privileges granted to it
by LOGIN. These privilege bits are stored in ACCT.SYS using the REACT
program. There are three classes of operators; SYSTEM, HOST and REMOTE.
Each type of operator privilege indicates what system devices may be
controlled by a particular operator. Being a SYSTEM operator allows a
user to control devices and batch jobs on all nodes in the system, process
mount requests, and perform various SET commands that affect the operation
of the entire system. A HOST operator may control devices and batch streams
only at the host node in a system. REMOTE operators may only affect the
operation of devices and batch streams on the remote node they are
physically connected to. In keeping with the TOPS-10 philosophy that a
[1,2] PPN affords a user full file access and the ability to read or set
any system-wide parameter, [1,2] jobs are always allowed to run OPR with
full SYSTEM operator privileges.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE Crash Recovery Procedures
.HEADER LEVEL 2 Crash Recovery Procedures
In the unlikely event that a GALAXY component crashes, the method of
recovering from the crash will vary depending upon the component in
question. When a GALAXY component crashes or stopcodes, part of the
stopcode procedure attempts to save the state of the program for later
examination by a system programmer. After doing that, the stopcode
processor sends a message to ORION (and hence to all OPRs) telling
the world that a GALAXY component has crashed. A portion of the stopcode
text follows. Except for the program and stopcode name, most of the
information is of little interest to an operations staff, but is important
to the system programmer who will most likely want to examine the crash.
.LITERAL

			  --  OPR terminated  --
			job 35 [1,2] OPR    at terminal 51

	?Stopcode - ILM - in module GLXINT on 22-Mar-82 on  4:58:50
	 Reason: Illegal memory reference at PC 5064
	 Program is OPR version 4(407) using GLXLIB version 1(1124)
	 Crash block starts at location 674000
	 Last GLXLIB error: 104 (No timer entry has expired)

.END LITERAL
When an operator notices that a GALAXY component has crashed, normal
procedure should require him or her to attach to the terminated program
and issue the monitor SAVE command. The component should be saved with
a filename like OPRxxx where 'OPR' indicates the OPR program and 'xxx'
is the stopcode name. The component should then be restarted and a system
programmer notified of the GALAXY failure. Repeated crashes indicate that
something is drastically wrong with the GALAXY system and it should be given
immediate attention.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 QUASAR
QUASAR is by far the most important component in the GALAXY system.
When QUASAR crashes, all other components must be restarted. The order
in which the components get restarted should be the same as was the
case at system startup. There are no restrictions governing how the
GALAXY system gets restarted. Jobs may be logged in under OPSER and
later detached, or started one at a time on a terminal and then detaching
them.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 ORION
If ORION crashes,  it should be restarted in the same job slot if possible.
This way, only the OPR jobs have to re-initiate communications with the
restarted ORION. OPR will do that automatically when the first command
is typed after the ORION restart. If the same job slot cannot be used for
some reason (maybe the operator logged the job out), then QUASAR will need
to be restarted. This implies the entire GALAXY system needs to be restarted.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 PULSAR
As in ORION's case, PULSAR should be restarted in the same job slot if
possible. Otherwise, QUASAR and the entire GALAXY system will have to
be restarted. When PULSAR gets restarted in the same job slot, any users
of labeled magtapes could have their jobs hang indefinitely if PULSAR
was performing tape label processing at the time. The jobs will show up
as being in event wait for the tape labeler. Users who find themselves
in this state will have to control-C out of their program, dismount their
tape and mount it again. If PULSAR was processing an operator or QUASAR
request to mount a structure, a SHOW STATUS STRUCTURE command to OPR will
show the disk status as --Mounting--. When this happens, typing the OPR
RECOGNIZE command for the disk units that make up the structure will
usually clear up the problem. The problem gets a bit messy when PULSAR
was processing an operator or QUASAR request to dismount a structure.
Typically, the structure status is left as --Dismounting--. This means
QUASAR is waiting for the dismount to be completed by PULSAR. Usually,
the structure is still mounted and there is no combination of OPR commands
that will cause QUASAR or PULSAR to exit this state. The only method of
getting QUASAR's database back to normal will be to run the old OMOUNT
CUSP and dismount the structure with it. QUASAR will now be satisfied
because it wanted the structure dismounted, and normal operations may
proceed.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 BATCON
BATCON crashes not only affect the batch controller, but cause all jobs
controlled by BATCON to be detached. It is important to remember that,
prior to restarting a new BATCON, the now detached batch jobs should
be killed.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 SPRINT
SPRINT is a unique spooler in that it gets its jobs from a queue that
the operator cannot control. SPRINT has no START, STOP, and ABORT commands.
If a damaged queue request finds its way to SPRINT and causes
SPRINT to crash, restarting it will only produce another crash. This is
because SPRINT is automatically started by QUASAR at GALAXY startup. As
soon as SPRINT notifies QUASAR that it is ready to process a job, QUASAR
sends it the first job in the queue. because the previous job was never
completed (it crashed SPRINT), it will be sent to SPRINT again for processing.
It is impossible to cancel a job from SPRINT's queue because of the nature
of the queue and the spooler. If a site experiences this type of crash,
a system programmer should be contacted immediately.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Other spoolers
When a spooler like LPTSPL or SPROUT crashes, any jobs currently being
processed will have to be restarted. No other component should be affected
by the crash. Jobs will normally be restarted at the last known checkpoint
sent to QUASAR by the spooler.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 OPR
An OPR crash is the simplest one to recover from. Since OPR only communicates
with ORION, it directly affects no spooler, QUASAR or PULSAR. OPR can be
restarted in any job slot without affecting the running GALAXY system.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE Internal Differences
.HEADER LEVEL 1 INTERNAL DIFFERENCES
This section briefly describes some of the internal changes new to GALAXY
4.1. One noticable difference between version 2 and 4.1 will be the
increased IPCF traffic on the system. This should not pose any problem,
in most cases, but it is important to understand why the amount of IPCF
activity has increased greatly and what could be done to alleviate problems
should they arise (section 2.1). Both QUASAR and BATCON have changed greatly
since the last release of the product, so a description of each follows
(sections 2.2 and 2.3). PULSAR is new with 4.1 and some insight into how
it works is discussed (section 2.4).
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE IPCF Message Flow
.HEADER LEVEL 2 IPCF MESSAGE FLOW
With GALAXY 4.1, there is a common operator interface (OPR) and an operator
interface controller (ORION). No spoolers have a command scanner. Under
GALAXY version 2, a command to LPTSPL (like PAUSE) involved no other GALAXY
components. With 4.1, the equivalent OPR command (STOP) causes a message
to be sent to ORION. The message is logged in the operator log file and
is then passed to QUASAR. QUASAR determines which LPTSPL job is driving
he printer to be stopped and sends the message to that job. After stopping
the printer, LPTSPL then sends an acknowledgement (ACK) to ORION who logs
it and routes the ACK back to the correct OPR. In this example, a simple
command has generated five IPCF messages.
.SKIP 1
If excessive IPCF traffic is already causing problems, then some local
modifications to IPCF message handling might be in order. Experiments
in-house and at one field test site indicate that the average size of
an IPCF message is between 25 and 35 words long. TOPS-10 can process
packet-mode transfers faster than page-mode IPCF messages. A site may
experiment by increasing the maximum size of a packet-mode send (location
%CNIPL in COMMON). This can be done while the monitor is running.
.SKIP 2
.SUBTITLE QUASAR
.HEADER LEVEL 2 QUASAR
QUASAR manages queues and allocates resources. It comprises one half of
MDA. It processes all operator commands and directs the spoolers and
PULSAR to do the bulk of the work in the GALAXY system. All user QUEUE
and MOUNT class commands and QUEUE. UUO functions go to QUASAR for
processing. In addition, it interfaces to the accounting system when
making accounting entries or requesting account string validation. Its
role as a queue manager has changed little since the days of version 2.
What is new, however, is the addition of the mountable device facilities.
MDA (Mountable Device Architecture) is designed around the belief that
a user will require a group of mountable devices to perform a task,
but that these devices will not necessarily be needed all at once.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 MDA data structures
The MDA database consists of a series of data blocks linked together in
such a way as to allow ownership (or allocation) of resources to be traced
from a job number (or request-id) to each physical tape or disk drive,
or given a tape volume or disk unit, find all jobs (or requests) owning
or allocating the particular resource. A partial map of the database
follows. The portions of the MDA database described in this section are
all dynamically allocated and configured when jobs LOGIN or LOGOUT, batch
jobs get put into or taken out of the queue, and when users request or
give up resources.
.TEST 45
.LITERAL

		+-----+     		+-----+
		|     |     		|     |
	 MDR	| MDR |<--------------->| MDR |
	Chain	|     |     		|     |
		+-----+     		+-----+
		/|\  /|\		  /|\
		 |    |			   |
		 |    |			   |
		 |    +---------------+    +-------------------+
		 |		      |			       |
		\|/		     \|/		      \|/
		+-----+     	     +-----+     	     +-----+
		|     |     	     |     |     	     |     |
	 VSL	| VSL |<------------>| VSL |<--------------->| VSL |
	Chain	|     |     	     |     |     	     |     |
		+-----+     	     +-----+     	     +-----+
		/|\  /|\            /|\  /|\                /|\
		 |    |              |    |		     |
		 |    |              |    |		     |
		 |    |		     |    |		     |		
		 |    +----------+   |    +-------------+    +--------+
		 |	         |   |			|	      |
		 |		 |   +-----------+      +--------+    |
		 |		 |		 |		 |    |
		\|/		\|/		\|/		\|/  \|/
		+-----+		+-----+		+-----+		+-----+
		|     |		|     |		|     |		|     |
	 VOL	| VOL |		| VOL |		| VOL |		| VOL |
	Chain	|  1  |<------->|  2  |<------->|  3  |<------->|  4  |
		|     |		|     |		|     |		|     |
		+-----+		+-----+		+-----+		+-----+
				/|\		/|\		/|\
				 |		 |		 |
		     +-----------+   +-----------+   +-----------+
		     |		     |		     |
		     |		     |		     |
		     |		     |		     |
		    \|/		    \|/		    \|/
		+-----+		+-----+		+-----+		+-----+
		|     |		|     |		|     |		|     |
	 UCB	| MTA |		| MTA |		| MTB |		| MTB |
	Chain	|  0  |<------->|  1  |<------->|  0  |<------->|  1  |
		|     |		|     |		|     |		|     |
		+-----+		+-----+		+-----+		+-----+


	MDR = Mountable Device Request blocks
	VSL = Volume Set List blocks
	VOL = Volume blocks
	UCB = Unit Control Blocks

.END LITERAL

.HEADER LEVEL 4 Mountable Device Request blocks (MDR)
The MDR is highest level in the MDA database architecture. One MDR gets
created whenever a job logs in or a batch queue request is created. The
MDR points to a list of allocated or mounted resources. The MDR contains
information such as job number, user name, PPN, address of associated
batch queue entry, account string, information for queue notification,
and at least one pointer to a Volume Set List.

.HEADER LEVEL 4 Volume Set List blocks (VSL)
The Volume Set List is the data block that describes the characteristics
of a volume set. A VSL gets created every time a user issues a new ALLOCATE
or MOUNT command. It contains a backwards link to the controlling MDR. VSLs
exist for both tape and disks and contain nearly all of the data specified
by a user's ALLOCATE or MOUNT command. Additional information is kept about
the volume set itself (tape protection codes, densities, track status, etc.).
Associated with a VSL is an ASCIZ volume-set name. This is the name specified
in a user's ALLOCATE or MOUNT command. ACK text will be stored in the VSL if
PULSAR returns ASCIZ text in response to a mount or dismount message from
QUASAR. There exist pointers to all volumes that make up a VSL. For example,
there will be three pointers in the VSL to volume blocks in a three tape
volume set.

.HEADER LEVEL 4 Volume blocks (VOL)
The volume block contains information relating to specific volumes that
make up a volume-set. REELIDs, unit IDs, owner PPNs, volume status, etc.
which make up the content of several displays (SHOW STATUS DISK and TAPE)
are stored in the VOL blocks. The VOL blocks contain back pointers to the
VSLs that point to them. Several VSLs may point to a single VOL block. If a
volume is currently mounted, the VOL will point to a physical unit block
(UCB).

.HEADER LEVEL 4 Unit Control Blocks (UCB)
The Unit Control Block is the lowest level data block in the MDA architecture.
UCBs contain the physical device names and alternate port names of devices,
device types and characteristics, and mount counts. Back pointers exist to
the controlling VOL and VSL blocks.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE PULSAR
.HEADER LEVEL 2 PULSAR
PULSAR is the other half of MDA, and is the tape label and disk processor
for the GALAXY system. As the tape label processor, PULSAR is responsible
for the initialization of tapes and verifying tape read/write access and
volume switching. As the disk processor, it reads HOM blocks, performs
structure mounting and dismounting, manipulates UFDs and job search lists,
and modifies system search lists, crash dump lists, and active swapping lists.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Tape initialization
Tape initialization is the process of writing tape labels on a new volume
set. A tape volume set can consist of one to sixty tapes. PULSAR's
initialization code is invoked by the OPR 'SET#TAPE#MTAx:#INITIALIZE' command.
Through the use of switches to the command, various label parameters may be
set. These include:
.LITERAL

		o	Density
		o	Label type
		o	Owner PPN
		o	Volume-set protection code
		o	Volume ID

.END LITERAL

Omission of some switches is allowed, because it may not be required for a
particular parameter to be set (e.g. owner PPN or protection code). Some
switches can be omitted because the information is not required. However,
some information such as volume identification must be supplied. PULSAR
will always attempt to read tape expiration dates prior to initializing
a tape to insure valid data will not be overwritten. This can pose minor
problems if the tape is a virgin tape. The tape will 'run away': the tape
controller will select the drive and try to read the tape. Because no data
is available, it keeps trying to read for several seconds. During this time,
the tape is kept spinning. Eventually, the controller gives up and generates
an off-line interrupt. This behavior is normal for virgin tapes. It is an
aspect of the tape controller and cannot be programmed around by the monitor
or PULSAR. To avoid this, the /OVERRIDE-EXPIRATION switch should be appended
to the tape initialize command. When this switch is used, PULSAR will not
make any attempt to read the expiration date.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Tape I/O and positioning
When using labeled tapes, PULSAR will be called on first input or output
operations, and on positioning requests. All types of I/O and tape positioning
are legal for labeled tapes except for read-backwards. In this mode, buffers
get filled backwards. PULSAR has no code to support reading label data in this
way.
.SKIP 1
ANSI standards do not support labeled 7-track tapes. MDA does support
ANSI standards, but will not prevent a user from writing a 7-track labeled
tape. The only restriction is that the tape will be readable only on another
DECsystem-10 running MDA. The code in PULSAR appears to work properly,
though we have not done extensive testing with it and make no claims that
any deficiencies in the label code will be corrected for 7-track tapes.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Tape volume switching
Volume switching occurs when end of tape is encountered on a tape with a
label type of NOLABELS, ANSI or EBCDIC. The user's program never sees EOT.
Instead, the monitor notifies PULSAR (via IPCF) of the EOT condition. PULSAR
writes the end of volume records, rewinds the tape, and asks QUASAR for the
next tape in the volume set. QUASAR will determine, based on information
supplied in the user's original MOUNT request, which tape should be assigned
to the user. It may be necessary for the operator to initialize a new tape to
extend a volume set that is in the process of being written. Eventually, QUASAR
will inform PULSAR of the new tape (and possible new tape drive) to use.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Forcing end of volume processing
If USER-EOT labels are used, a program (such as BACKUP) can force end of volume
processing to occur with a TAPOP. UUO (function .TFFEV). This is a useful
feature because some programs need to write their own end of volume records at
the end of the tape. Forcing end of volume processing will cause another tape
to be assigned to the user's job using the same logic that exists for labeled
tape processing.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 User/Monitor/PULSAR interface
PULSAR may be invoked by a user attempting to do I/O, position a labeled
tape or by forcing end of volume processing. Every time PULSAR intervenes
in behalf of a user or monitor request, the user's job is put into an event
wait state. PULSAR does all of the label processing while the user's job is
suspended. In order for PULSAR to do I/O or position the same tape owned by
the user's job, a Label DDB must be created.  PULSAR does this with a TAPOP.
UUO (function .TFLBG). This new Label DDB is linked to the original magtape
DDB and the TUB. PULSAR will perform all I/O and positioning on the Label DDB.
When label processing is completed, the user's job is gotten out of event wait
when PULSAR does a TAPOP. .TFLRL function which releases the user's job. One
of the arguments to the label release function is an error code to set. PULSAR
will set an error code whenever something failed during label processing. The
user's program will either see the error as a TAPOP. UUO failure (in the case
of a positioning request) or an I/O error. Label I/O errors will return all
I/O error bits when a GETSTS is done. When this happens, a program should
issue a TAPOP. UUO (function .TFLTC) to read the extended error code. Normal
I/O or tape positioning will not be allowed to continue on that device until
the errors have been cleared by the program.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Disk HOM block reading
PULSAR will be called by QUASAR to read disk HOM blocks whenever a disk
on-line interrupt occurs or the operator issues a RECOGNIZE command. The
procedure is straight-forward. PULSAR will extract all information
necessary to mount the structure that the disk unit belongs to, and return
that information to QUASAR. The HOM block data of interest to QUASAR includes:
.LITERAL

		o	Unit ID
		o	Next unit in structure
		o	Logical unit in structure
		o	Structure name
		o	Owner PPN
		o	Hardware-write-protect status

.END LITERAL

QUASAR will use this data (and possibly data from other disk units) to
decide when all the required units of a structure are available. Determining
the hardware-write-protect status has proven to be a rather awkward task. Some
disk controllers are not capable of telling the monitor the write-protect
status. To get around the hardware deficiencies, PULSAR must try to write to
the disk. A failure indicates that the unit is hardware-write-protected.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Structure mounting
When QUASAR determines that all the required units of a structure are
available, it directs PULSAR to mount the structure. The IPCF message from
QUASAR includes much of the same information PULSAR had supplied to QUASAR
when each disk unit's HOM blocks were originally read. In addition, if the
operator asked to have the structure mounted with a name other than the one
written into the HOM blocks (alias name), the alias name is included in the
message. During the mounting process (while filling the structure data block)
PULSAR will compare the owner PPN from the HOM blocks with the one supplied
by QUASAR. If there is a mismatch, the operator is informed of the discrepency.
The owner PPN is then cleared in the structure data block to avoid the
possibility if any security problems that could  arise from the wrong owner
PPN being set up.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 Structure dismounting
At the request of the operator, through the use of an OPR DISMOUNT or LOCK
command, PULSAR will be directed to dismount a structure. Part of this
processing involves the checking of several conditions that could cause
operational difficulties, GALAXY failure or system failures should a
structure be dismounted. Checks are made for a structure that is:
.LITERAL

		o	In the system search list
		o	Containing the queues
		o	Containing a system catalog (STRLST.SYS)
		o	Being in the crash dump list
		o	Containing a KL10 front-end file system
		o	Containing a KS10 front-end file system
		o	Mount count being non-zero
		o	Number of queue requests being non-zero
		o	Having units in active swapping list

.END LITERAL

Before the structure is dismounted, if any checks detect potential problems,
the operator will be notified of the conflict and asked to abort or proceed
with the structure removal.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 UFD and job search list handling
When users mount or dismount structures, PULSAR gets called by QUASAR to
create or delete UFDs and manipulate job search lists. There is actually
very little code in PULSAR proper to deal with these things. PULSAR is loaded
with the UFDSET subroutine package. UFDSET is a self contained package of
routines written explicitly for use by LOGIN and PULSAR to process all
types of UFD operations. It can easily be interfaced to any program wanting
to do mounts, dismounts and disk recomputation for any job or UFD. In addition
it will add or remove structures from the system search list. PULSAR
has about a page or so of UFDSET interface code to set up the argument block
and process text messages generated by UFDSET. All informational, warning and
fatal messages produced by UFDSET are passed back to the user as part of the
mount or dismount ACK. Fatal messages are checked against a list of error
codes that indicate possible monitor or GALAXY system failures. Should one
of these errors occur, the operator will be notified.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE BATCON
.HEADER LEVEL 2 BATCON
Internally, the batch controller (BATCON) has been changed extensively.
This caused no compatibility problems with existing control files. First,
Full SCNSER PTYs are used. This type of PTY is unique in that it is an
echoing PTY. All of BATCON's PTY logic and a large part of the log file
logic had to be rewritten to accomodate the new type of PTYs. The result
of this change shows up mostly in the log files (line identifiers, etc.).
Second, the operator interface was completely rewritten. This was done
to provide more informative and friendly messages to the operator as well
as better response during command processing. The third major change
involved the implementation of the MDA/batch interface. This interface,
known as batch prescanning (or preprocessing) provides a mechanism for
QUASAR to determine the resource requirements of a batch job. When a user
submits a control file, the request is put into the input queue, but not
considered for scheduling until the request's resource requirements are
known. BATCON is directed by QUASAR to prescan the control file for a
special header block at the begining of the file. This block, known as the
step header, may contain ALLOCATE and MOUNT commands identical to those used
by timesharing users. If one or more commands are found, they are parsed and
the allocation or mount request information is passed back to QUASAR for use
during the batch job scheduling process. For the sake of compatibility, the
step header block is optional and users are not required to put one in their
control files.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE Making Local Modifications
.HEADER LEVEL 2 MAKING LOCAL MODIFICATIONS
In general, sites will find it easier to make local modifications to GALAXY
4.1 than to version 2. Once familiar with the code, changes to spoolers should
pose no problems. The code in QUASAR, PULSAR and ORION however is a bit more
complex.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 QUASAR
The overall size and complexity of QUASAR is overwhelming, especially the
MDA code. But if each module or function is viewed as a separate entity it is
not nearly so bad. The bulk of QUASAR's duties revolve around queue management.
Some of the more popular queues are:
.LITERAL

		o	INP	Input
		o	LPT	Line printer
		o	PTP	Paper tape punch
		o	CDP	Card punch
		o	PLT	Plotter

.END LITERAL
QUASAR has many queues most people are not aware of. Some are:
.LITERAL

		o	BIN	SPRINT
		o	DBM	DBMS journaling
		o	RDR	Card reader
		o	SPL	Spooled file deletion
		o	PSB	Processor status block
		o	OBJ	Object (INP, LPT, PTP, etc.)
		o	USE	Jobs in use
		o	STR	Structure
		o	NET	Network

.END LITERAL
Many sites will find it necessary to add queues of their own. Due to
the amount of functionality and flexibility of QUASAR, creating a new
queue involves more than adding an entry to a macro or two. Some queues
are actually related to some spooling action (LPTSPL gets jobs from the
LPT queue). Some queues may be displayed (LPT) while others are invisible
(PSB). Some queues are of the input variety (INP and BIN) while others
are output related (PLT). Another category is the free running queue.
These queues require no operator interaction and are automatically started
by QUASAR at GALAXY startup time. DBMS queue is one of these.
.SKIP 1
The following steps are needed to add a new queue to QUASAR:
.SKIP 1
Assume a site has a XEROX 9700 or similar unit, capable of reproducing
printed text directly from a magtape. Users would want the queued files
to be printed on the XEROX machine and to be able to examine the queues
at any time. Operators would want to control the spooling using standard
OPR commands like START, STOP, ABORT, SHUTDOWN, etc. Every queue needs a
unique three character name. Let's call the XEROX queue XER. In the
following discussion, all references to the queue name refer to the unique
three character name selected for the queue (XER).
.SKIP 1
The first step would be to find the QUEUES macro in QSRMAC. It looks like
this:
.LITERAL

		DEFINE	QUEUES,<
		
			LSTOF.
		
			X	INP,QNTSIZ,.QHTIP,0,S$INPT,LIQBAT
			X	LPT,QNTSIZ,.QHTOU,0,S$LPT,LIQLPT
			X	PTP,QNTSIZ,.QHTOU,0,S$PTP,LIQPTP
			X	CDP,QNTSIZ,.QHTOU,0,S$CDP,LIQCDP
			X	PLT,QNTSIZ,.QHTOU,0,S$PLT,LIQPLT
			X	RET,QNTSIZ,.QHTAR,QH.INV,S$RET,LIQRET
			X	NOT,QNTSIZ,.QHTAR,QH.INV,S$NOT,0
			X	BIN,QNTSIZ,.QHTIP,QH.INV,S$BIN,0
			X	DBM,QNTSIZ,.QHFRR,QH.INV,S$DBM,0
			X	RDR,QNTSIZ,.QHFRR,0,S$RDR,0
			X	SPL,SPLSIZ,.QHTQS,QH.INV,0,0
			X	PSB,PSBSIZ,.QHTQS,QH.INV,0,0
			X	OBJ,OBJSIZ,.QHTQS,QH.INV,0,0
			X	USE,USESIZ,.QHTQS,QH.INV,0,0
			X	STR,STRSIZ,.QHTQS,QH.INV,0,0
			X	NET,NETSIZ,.QHTQS,QH.INV,0,0
		
			LSTON.

		>  ;END OF DEFINE QUEUES

.END LITERAL
Each entry contains six arguments. The first is the queue name.
The second is the in-core queue entry (QE) size. Unless a non-standard
QE is used, QNTSIZ should be the queue size. The third argument is the
queue type. The new XER queue is nearly identical to the LPT queue
(except for output device), so the queue type should be .QHTOU (output).
Queue flags make up the fourth argument. Currently only one flag is
defined (QH.INV) indicating the queue is invisible. Because users will want
to display the XER queue, it can't be invisable. Therefore, the flag word
argument should be zero. The fifth argument is the scheduler dispatch table
used to select a job to run. The scheduler resides in QSRSCH and all global
entry points have symbols of the form S$xxxx. Lets call the XEROX scheduler
dispatch table S$XER and make that the fifth argument. The sixth and last
argument is the queue listing bit for QSRDSP. The listing bits are defined
in QSRMAC where the LIST message is defined. The bits have symbols of the
form LIQxxx where 'xxx' is the queue name. LIQXER will have to be defined
and entered as the sixth argument in the QUEUES macro. The QUEUES macro
entry is now complete. It will be expanded in QSRQUE, producing what are
known as queue headers. Each header is pointed to by the symbol HDRxxx
where 'xxx' is the queue name. In addition to the information supplied in
the QUEUES macro, the queue headers will also point to the linked list of
entries for each queue.
.SKIP 1
An object type must be created. Objects are line printers, plotters, card
punches, etc. Object symbols have the form .OTxxx where 'xxx' is the queue
name. The OBJCTS macro defines all object types and the ASCIZ name of the
queue. OBJCTS is found in GLXMAC.
.SKIP 1
If the XER queue will be associated with a spooled device type, then an
entry must be made in the DEVOBJ macro in QSRT10 to allow the processing
of spooled file requests to be made. The DEVJOB macro looks like:
.LITERAL

		DEFINE DEVOBJ,<

			XLIST

			X	LPT,.TYLPT,.OTLPT
			X	CDP,.TYCDP,.OTCDP
			X	PTP,.TYPTP,.OTPTP
			X	PLT,.TYPLT,.OTPLT
			X	LL,.TYLPT,.OTLPT
			X	LU,.TYLPT,.OTLPT

			LIST

		>  ;END DEFINE DEVOBJ
	
.END LITERAL
The DEVOBJ macro takes three arguments: the queue name (XER) the monitor
device type .TYXER and the object type .OTXER.
.SKIP 1
Some queues may have attributes associated with them. For example, the LPT
queue has lower and upper case considerations to be made when scheduling
jobs. The ATTRIB macro in QSRMAC defines the known attributes for all
queues. Data generated by the ATTRIB macro is also used in the SHOW PARAMETER
displays.
.SKIP 1
Now scheduler code must be written. The scheduler routines are accessed
through the scheduler dispatch table for each queue. The offsets into the
table are defined in QSRMAC. They are:
.LITERAL

		o	SCHLNK = 0	Link in a new entry
		o	SCHSCH = 1	Schedule a job
		o	SCHDEF = 2	Fill in queue defaults
		o	SCHMOD = 3	Modify queue dependent parameters
		o	SCHRJI = 4	Release a job
		o	SCHFJB = 5	Find a job for an object

.END LITERAL
In our example, S$XER was the address of the dispatch table. It would
be set up as follows:
.LITERAL


		S$XER::	JRST	XERLNK	;LINK IN A NEW ENTRY
			JRST	XERSCH	;SCHEDULE A JOB FOR AN OBJECT
			JRST	XERDEF	;FILL IN DEFAULTS FOR A JOB
			JRST	XERMOD	;MODIFY QUEUE PARAMETERS
			JRST	XERRJI	;RELEASE A JOB INTERLOCK
			JRST	XERFJB	;FIND A JOB FOR AN OBJECT

.END LITERAL
All routines pointed to by the scheduler dispatch table must return
TRUE or FALSE. For example, a FALSE return from the XERSCH routine
would indicate that the job QUASAR was trying to schedule could not
be run for some reason. A TRUE would mean a job was found to run on
the selected object.
.SKIP 1
The above description of adding a queue to QUASAR is by no means complete,
but should serve as a guide and details the major areas of QUASAR needing
attention when attempting such a task. Also, keep in mind that some amount
of work will also be required in ORION to add support for the OPR commands
that affect the operation of the new spooler. For the most part, duplicating
existing command tables for other spoolers is all that is necessary.

.HEADER LEVEL 3 BATCON
BATCON contains a dummy module, BATUSR, that gets called from several
places within BATCON. This module contains user (customer) exit code.
By putting all customer modifications in this module, changes to supported
BATCON modules will be minimized. Each routine has a description of the
calling sequences, the ACs available and when they are called. In addition,
many routines show examples of how to use BATCON facilities to make log
file entries, send text to PTYs, etc. Only the BATCON hooks are supported.
An attempt was made to provide calls to BATUSR from places in BATCON where
the customer would be most likely to make local modifications. Calls to
BATUSR include:
.LITERAL

		o	BATCON initialization
		o	Scheduler loop
		o	IPCF message processing
		o	Nextjob setup
		o	Start of job processing
		o	Log file header generation
		o	LOGIN command building
		o	Post LOGIN processing
		o	Job processor loop
		o	Pre-KJOB processing
		o	End of job processing

.END LITERAL
Please do not take this as a commitment on DEC's part to provide
subroutine calls in every major BATCON routine. This module is completely
unsupported. Any suggestions to improve it's usefulness will be accepted,
but do not expect all suggestions to be implemented.
.PAGE
.SUBTITLE Debugging
.HEADER LEVEL 2 DEBUGGING
New features exist with GALAXY 4.1 to facilitate debugging a GALAXY system
under timesharing without conflicting with the running GALAXY system. In
most cases, debugging may be done under a non-privileged PPN. Most MDA
related functions do require [1,2] privileges however, and structure
mounting, dismounting and locking operations could conflict with system
MDA operations.
.SKIP 1
A debugging GALAXY system is frequently refered to as a 'private GALAXY world'.
Setting up a private world is simple. JOBDAT location .JBOPS (135) is reserved
for Object Time Systems. The OTS for GALAXY is GLXLIB and it makes use of this
reserved word for debugging purposes. When .JBOPS is set to a non-zero value,
all IPCF generated by the library is directed to special PIDs. The special
PIDs are found by associating an ASCIZ name with a PID. PID names are of
the form:
.LITERAL

			[PPN]component

.END LITERAL
where [PPN] is the PPN your job is running under and 'component' is the
component name. For example, if user [10,56] started a private BATCON,
the PID name would be [10,56]BATCON. Note that in order to assign a name
to a PID, SYSINF must be running. This is the only dependancy in GALAXY
on SYSINF. Although the QUEUE program does not use GLXLIB, it also behaves
in this manner. Once the private world has been started, all normal GALAXY
tasks may be performed.
.SKIP 1
[End of GALAXY.INF]