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Trailing-Edge - PDP-10 Archives - decus_20tap2_198111 - decus/20-0035/algolw.doc
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00100	FIRST A CAVEAT:
00200	
00300	THIS SYSTEM IS PURELY EXPERIMENTAL!  ALTHOUGH THE COMPILER AND
00400	RUNTIME SYSTEM HAVE BEEN FAIRLY WELL CHECKED OUT, THEY ARE NOT
00500	GUARANTEED TO WORK RELIABLY ACCORDING TO THEIR DESCRIPTION BELOW.
00600	THE COMPILER IS FAIRLY CRUDE AND INCOMPLETE SINCE IT WAS INTENDED
00700	PURELY AS A BOOTSTRAP TOOL. THE "PRODUCTION" COMPILER WAS TO HAVE
00800	BEEN WRITTEN IN ALGOLW. DUE TO TIME CONSTRAINTS AND SOME LACK OF
00900	INTEREST, THIS MAY NEVER BE DONE. IF SOMEONE WOULD LIKE TO WRITE
01000	THE "PRODUCTION" COMPILER, I WOULD BE WILLING TO WRITE UP SOME
01100	INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION ON THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING CODE
01200	TO GO WITH THE RUNTIME PACKAGE.
01300	
01400	MIKE GREEN, COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
01500	CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, CLEVELAND, OHIO  44106
01600	
01700	
01800	INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
01900	-------------------------
02000	
02100	THE TAPE CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING FILES:
02200	
02300	ALGOL1.MET
02400	ALGOL2.MET	THESE 4 FILES ARE THE COMPILER SOURCE
02500	ALGOL3.MET
02600	ALGOL4.MET
02700	
02800	META2.MAC	COMPILER I/O AND UTILITY SUPPORT
02900	
03000	META2C.MET	SOURCE FOR COMPILER/COMPILER
03100	
03200	META2C.REL	REL FILE FOR COMPILER/COMPILER FOR *.MET
03300	
03400	ALGLIB.MAC	ALGOLW RUNTIME SYSTEM
03500	
03600	SYNTAX.ALG	SAMPLE PROGRAM (SIMPLE PRECEDENCE ANALYZER)
03700	
03800	ALGOLW.DOC	THIS DOCUMENTATION FILE
03900	
04000	SAMPLE.INP	INPUT FILE FOR SAMPLE PROGRAM
04100	
04200	
04300	TO BUILD A WORKING SYSTEM:
04400	
04500	.RUN DTA1:META2.SAV
04600	.R MACRO
04700	
04800	*META2_DTA1:META2.MAC
04900	
05000	*^C
05100	
05200	.R LOADER
05300	
05400	*DTA1:META2C,META2/E$
05500	
05600	*ALGOL1_DTA1:ALGOL1.MET
05700	
05800	*ALGOL2_DTA1:ALGOL2.MET
05900	
06000	*ALGOL3_DTA1:ALGOL3.MET
06100	
06200	*ALGOL4_DTA1:ALGOL4.MET
06300	
06400	*^C
06500	
06600	.R MACRO
06700	
06800	*ALGOL1_ALGOL1.MAC
06900	
07000	*ALGOL2_ALGOL2.MAC
07100	
07200	*ALGOL3_ALGOL3.MAC
07300	
07400	*ALGOL4_ALGOL4.MAC
07500	
07600	*ALGLIB_DTA1:ALGLIB.MAC
07700	
07800	*^C
07900	
08000	.R LOADER
08100	
08200	*ALGOL1,ALGOL2,ALGOL3,ALGOL4,META2$
08300	
08400	EXIT
08500	^C
08600	
08700	.SAVE ALGOLW
08800	
08900	
09000	TO COMPILE AND RUN THE SAMPLE PROGRAM:
09100	
09200	.RUN ALGOLW
09300	
09400	*SYNTAX_DTA1:SYNTAX.ALG
09500	
09600	*^C
09700	
09800	.R MACRO
09900	
10000	*SYNTAX_SYNTAX.MAC
10100	
10200	*^C
10300	
10400	.R LOADER
10500	
10600	*SYNTAX,ALGLIB/L$
10700	
10800	EXIT
10900	^C
11000	
11100	.SSAVE SYNTAX
11200	
11300	.RUN SYNTAX
11400	IN FILE: DTA1:SAMPLE.INP
11500	OUT FILE: LPT:
11600	    0 PRECEDENCE VIOLATION(S)
11700	    0 FUNCTION CONFLICT(S)
11800	ELAPSED TIME WAS  1 MINUTE(S) AND 39 SECOND(S)
11900	EXECUTION TIME WAS  0 MINUTE(S) AND 20 SECOND(S)
12000	
12100	EXIT
12200	^C
12300	.
12400	
12500	
12600	SOME NOTES ON THE OBJECT PROGRAMS PRODUCED AND ON THE
12700	COMPILER:
12800	
12900	THE COMPILER WILL RUN UNDER CONTROL OF COMPIL WITH THE
13000	CONDITION THAT NO LISTING IS REQUESTED. THE COMPILER'S
13100	COMMAND STRING PROCESSOR ACCEPTS ONLY THE OUTPUT AND
13200	INPUT FIELDS. THE COMPILER IS NOT SHARABLE.
13300	
13400	THE OBJECT PROGRAMS AND THE RUNTIME ROUTINES ARE COMPLETELY
13500	SHARABLE. ALSO, THE PROGRAMS PRODUCED MAY BE RUN AS CUSPS
13600	SINCE THE NORMAL AND ALTERNATE ENTRY POINTS ARE AVAILABLE
13700	AND THE PROGRAM CAN TELL WHERE IT WAS ENTERED WITH A BUILTIN
13800	FUNCTION.
13900	
14000	RUNTIME ERRORS WILL PRODUCE A PROCEDURE TRACEBACK WITH ABSOLUTE
14100	ADDRESSES GIVEN. THE ERROR MESSAGE EDITOR CAN HANDLE LINE NUMBER
14200	TABLES BUT THE COMPILER CAN'T PRODUCE THEM. REENTERING A PROGRAM
14300	WILL PRODUCE AN ERROR MESSAGE AND A TRACEBACK. THIS IS USEFUL
14400	FOR FINDING OUT WHERE A PROGRAM IS CAUGHT IN AN INFINITE LOOP.
14500	
14600	
14700	A BRIEF LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION:
14800	-----------------------------
14900	
15000	THE LANGUAGE ACCEPTED BY THIS SYSTEM IS A VARIANT OF ALGOLW
15100	CONSIDERABLY RESTRICTED IN BOTH DATA TYPES AND STATEMENT
15200	FLEXIBILITY.
15300	
15400	ALLOWED DATA TYPES ARE:
15500	
15600	INTEGER, STRING, BITS AND REFERENCE
15700	
15800	ALLOWED DATA STRUCTURING TYPES ARE:
15900	
16000	ONE AND TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS AND RECORDS OF SCALAR TYPES.
16100	STRING AND BITS ARRAYS MUST HAVE A FIXED LENGTH SPECIFIED.
16200	
16300	STRING AND BITS MAY BE FIXED LENGTH WITH THE LENGTH SPECIFIED BY
16400	A CONSTANT OR THEY MAY BE VARIABLE LENGTH.
16500	
16600	PROCEDURES MAY NOT RETURN A VALUE AND THEIR ARGUMENTS ARE
16700	RESTRICTED TO BE CONSTANTS OR VARIABLE NAMES ONLY. ARGUMENTS
16800	MAY NOT BE EXPRESSIONS, SUBSTRINGS OR ELEMENTS OF ARRAYS.
16900	THEY MAY BE STRING NAMES, ARRAY NAMES OR OTHER VARIABLE NAMES.
17000	THEY MAY ALSO BE PROCEDURE NAMES.
17100	
17200	EXPRESSIONS MAY NOT BE STRUCTURED, I.E. IF OR CASE EXPRESSIONS.
17300	
17400	THERE ARE A FEW EXCEPTIONS TO THE RESTRICTIONS ON PROCEDURES.
17500	THERE IS A SET OF BUILTIN PROCEDURES FOR I/O AND MONITOR
17600	FUNCTIONS. SOME OF THESE RETURN VALUES AND THEIR ARGUMENTS
17700	MAY BE EXPRESSIONS. THEY ARE ACTUALLY COMPILED INLINE WHICH
17800	EXPLAINS THIS DIFFERENCE.
17900	
18000	THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN FIXED AND VARIABLE LENGTH STRING AND
18100	BITS NEEDS SOME EXPLANATION. FIXED LENGTH STRINGS ARE ALLOCATED
18200	STORAGE UPON ENTRY TO THE BLOCK OR CREATION OF A RECORD CONTAINING
18300	THEM. AN ASSIGNMENT TO A FIXED LENGTH STRING RESULTS IN A
18400	COPY OPERATION FROM THE RESULT OF THE STRING EXPRESSION IN
18500	THE ASSIGNMENT. IF THE VALUE OF THE EXPRESSION IS SHORTER THAN
18600	THE STRING ON THE LEFT, THE STRING IS PADDED WITH BLANKS OR
18700	ZERO BITS IF IT IS A BITSTRING.  IF THE VALUE IS TOO LONG, IT
18800	IS TRUNCATED ON THE RIGHT.  VARIABLE LENGTH STRINGS ARE
18900	ACTUALLY ONLY POINTERS TO VALUES.  THEY ARE INITIALLY NULL.
19000	WHEN ASSIGNED A VALUE, THEY ARE SET TO POINT TO THAT VALUE.
19100	ASSIGNING A VALUE TO A SUBSTRING OF A VARIABLE LENGTH STRING
19200	IS FRAUGHT WITH DANGER SINCE MORE THAN ONE POINTER MAY BE
19300	POINTING TO THE SAME STRING. IF YOU CHANGE PART OF A STRING,
19400	IT MAY BE PART OF SOME FIXED LENGTH STRING OR CONSTANT!
19500	THERE ARE TWO BUILTIN FUNCTIONS CALLED COPYSTRING AND COPYBITS
19600	THAT TAKE A STRING OR BITS ARGUMENT RESPECTIVELY AND RETURN A
19700	COPY OF THEIR ARGUMENT. THIS CAN BE ASSIGNED TO A VARIABLE LENGTH
19800	STRING AND CAN THEN BE MANIPULATED WITHOUT FEAR.
19900	
20000	THE VARIOUS BUILTIN FUNCTIONS AND PROCEDURES ARE:
20100	
20200	ERROR( <STRING> );	TYPES THE <STRING>, PROVIDES A PROCEDURE
20300				TRACEBACK AND TERMINATES EXECUTION
20400	
20500	OPENIN( <INTEGER> , <STRING> );
20600	OPENOUT( <INTEGER> , <STRING> );
20700				OPENS AN INPUT OR OUTPUT CHANNEL RESPECTIVELY
20800				ON CHANNEL <INTEGER> USING <STRING> AS THE
20900				SOURCE OF THE FILE DESCRIPTOR OF THE FORM:
21000				 DEV:FILE.EXT[PROJ,PROG]<PROT>(SWITCHES)
21100				  #NO. OF BUFFERS *MODE ^ ?
21200				<PROT> IS THE PROTECTION USED WHEN CLOSING
21300				THE FILE. (SWITCHES) MAY CONTAIN THE
21400				CHARACTERS: ZABCWT258EOU  ALL EXCEPT
21500				U ARE DEFINED AS FOR VARIOUS DEC CUSPS.
21600				U WILL MARK THE FILE TO BE UNLOADED WHEN
21700				IT IS CLOSED. #NO. OF BUFFERS IS THE
21800				NUMBER OF BUFFERS TO BE USED. EXAMPLE:
21900				#5 FOR FIVE BUFFERS. *MODE MAY BE ONE OF
22000				THE FOLLOWING: *S FOR STRING FILE, *L
22100				 FOR STRING FILE WITH LINE NUMBERING
22200				 OR *B FOR BITS FILE (BINARY).
22300				^ INDICATES THAT THE FILE IS TO BE DELETED
22400				WHEN CLOSED AND ? INDICATES THAT THIS IS
22500				A CONDITIONAL OPEN - IT IS NOT AN ERROR
22600				FOR THE FILE NOT TO EXIST. IF ? IS NOT
22700				PRESENT, AN ERROR MESSAGE IS PRODUCED
22800				IF THE FILE DOESN'T EXIST ON INPUT.
22900				ALL FIELDS PAST THE FILE EXTENSION MAY
23000				OCCUR IN ANY ORDER. IF THE DEVICE NAME
23100				IS NOT PRESENT, DSK: IS ASSUMED. IF A
23200				DEVICE NAME IS PRESENT, THE FILE NAME
23300				AND EXTENSION NEED NOT BE PRESENT.
23400				<INTEGER> IS A MONITOR SOFTWARE CHANNEL
23500				NUMBER RANGING FROM 1 TO 15. CHANNEL 0
23600				IS ALWAYS OPEN FOR BOTH INPUT AND
23700				OUTPUT TO TTY: WITH LINE NUMBERING
23800				ALLOWED. THIS IS THE ONLY CHANNEL THAT
23900				MAY BE OPEN FOR BOTH INPUT AND OUTPUT
24000				AT THE SAME TIME.
24100	
24200	CLOSE( <INTEGER> );	THIS CLOSES THE SPECIFIED CHANNEL.
24300				CHANNEL 0 MAY NOT BE CLOSED.
24400	
24500	<INTEGER> := LENGTH( <STRING> );
24600				RETURNS THE LENGTH OF THE STRING.
24700	
24800	<INTEGER> := LINENO( <INTEGER> );
24900				RETURNS THE LAST READ LINE NUMBER FOR
25000				THE CHANNEL GIVEN AS AN ARGUMENT.
25100				RETURNS -1 IF NO LINE NUMBERS HAVE
25200				BEEN READ.
25300	
25400	<INTEGER> := DATE;	RETURNS THE RESULT OF THE DATE UUO.
25500	
25600	<INTEGER> := MSTIME;	RETURNS THE RESULT OF THE MSTIME UUO.
25700	
25800	<INTEGER> := RUNTIME;	RETURNS THE RESULT OF THE RUNTIM UUO
25900				GIVING THE RUN TIME FOR THIS JOB.
26000	
26100	<INTEGER> := JOBNO;	RETURNS THE NUMBER OF THIS JOB.
26200	
26300	<INTEGER> := PROJPROG;	RETURNS THE RESULT OF THE GETPPN UUO.
26400	
26500	OUTLINE( <INTEGER> , <INTEGER> );
26600				OUTPUTS THE VALUE OF THE SECOND
26700				ARGUMENT AS A LINE NUMBER ON THE
26800				CHANNEL GIVEN AS THE FIRST ARGUMENT.
26900	
27000	<INTEGER> := STATUS( <INTEGER> );
27100				RETURNS ONE OF 25 ENTRIES IN A
27200				STATISTICS TABLE. THE ENTRIES ARE:
27300	 1  RUNTIME AT END OF LAST CALL ON STORAGE ALLOCATOR
27400	 2  RUNTIME AT END OF LAST GARBAGE COLLECTION
27500	 3  ADDRESS OF FIRST WORD OF DYNAMIC STORAGE
27600	 4  NUMBER OF TIMES STORAGE ALLOCATOR CALLED
27700	 5  NUMBER OF TIMES GARBAGE COLLECTOR CALLED
27800	 6  TOTAL MEMORY REQUESTED FROM ALLOCATOR
27900	 7  LARGEST MEMORY REQUEST FROM ALLOCATOR
28000	 8  WEIGHTED AVERAGE MEMORY REQUESTED FROM ALLOCATOR
28100	 9  TOTAL RUNTIME BETWEEN ALLOCATOR CALLS
28200	10  LARGEST RUNTIME BETWEEN ALLOCATOR CALLS
28300	11  TOTAL RUNTIME SPENT IN ALLOCATOR
28400	12  LARGEST RUNTIME SPENT IN ALLOCATOR
28500	13  TOTAL MEMORY FREED BY GARBAGE COLLECTION
28600	14  LARGEST MEMORY FREED BY GARBAGE COLLECTION
28700	15  WEIGHTED AVERAGE MEMORY FREED BY COLLECTION
28800	16  TOTAL RUNTIME BETWEEN GARBAGE COLLECTOR CALLS
28900	17  LARGEST RUNTIME BETWEEN GARBAGE COLLECTOR CALLS
29000	18  TOTAL RUNTIME SPENT IN GARBAGE COLLECTOR
29100	19  LARGEST RUNTIME SPENT IN GARBAGE COLLECTOR
29200	20  MSTIME AT START OF RUN
29300	21  RUNTIME AT START OF RUN
29400	22  TOTAL MEMORY REQUESTED SINCE LAST COLLECTION
29500	23  LARGEST MEMORY REQUEST SINCE LAST COLLECTION
29600	24  WEIGHTED AVERAGE MEMORY REQUESTED SINCE LAST COLLECTION
29700	25  NUMBER OF TIMES ALLOCATOR CALLED SINCE LAST COLLECTION
29800	
29900	THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE MENTIONED IS CALCULATED AS FOLLOWS:
30000	 NEW AVERAGE := (OLD AVERAGE+NEW VALUE)/2;
30100	
30200	OUTSTRING( <INTEGER> , <STRING> );
30300	OUTBITS( <INTEGER> , <BITS> );
30400				OUTPUTS THE STRING OR BITS VALUE
30500				TO THE SPECIFIED CHANNEL.
30600	
30700	<STRING> := INSTRING( <INTEGER> , <INTEGER> );
30800	<BITS> := INBITS( <INTEGER> , <INTEGER> );
30900				INPUTS A STRING OR BITS VALUE FROM
31000				THE CHANNEL GIVEN BY THE FIRST
31100				ARGUMENT. THE SECOND ARGUMENT
31200				SPECIFIES A MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR THE
31300				INPUT. THE FUNCTION VALUE IS
31400				THE LENGTH OF THE INPUT.
31500	
31600	<STRING> := BREAK( <INTEGER> );
31700				RETURNS THE LAST BREAK CHARACTER
31800				FOR THE SPECIFIED CHANNEL.
31900	
32000	SETBREAK( <INTEGER> , <STRING> , <STRING> , <STRING> );
32100				THIS SETS THE BREAK CHARACTERS FOR
32200				THE CHANNEL SPECIFIED AS THE FIRST
32300				ARGUMENT. THE CHARACTERS IN THE
32400				FIRST STRING ARE TO BE COMPLETELY
32500				IGNORED. THE ONES IN THE SECOND
32600				AND THIRD STRINGS CAUSE A BREAK.
32700				THE CHARACTERS IN THE SECOND STRING ARE
32800				INCLUDED IN THE INPUT STRING WHILE THE
32900				ONES IN THE THIRD STRING ARE DISCARDED.
33000				THE REMAINING CHARACTERS NOT IN ANY OF
33100				THE THREE STRINGS ARE READ NORMALLY. ON
33200				CHANNEL 0, THE DEFAULT BREAK SETTINGS
33300				CAUSE LINEFEEDS TO BE IGNORED AND
33400				CARRIAGE RETURN, BELL, FORMFEED
33500				VERTICAL TAB AND ALTMODE CAUSE A BREAK
33600				AND ARE OTHERWISE IGNORED.
33700	
33800	SLEEP( <INTEGER> );	THE JOB IS PUT TO SLEEP FOR THE
33900				SPECIFIED NUMBER OF SECONDS.
34000	
34100	RUN( <STRING> );	THE FILE DESCRIBED IN THE STRING IS
34200				RUN WITH THE RUN UUO. THE STRING IS
34300				OF THE FORM:
34400				 DEV:FILE.EXT[PROJ,PROG]@ENTRY=SIZEK?
34500				@ENTRY SPECIFIES THE ENTRY OFFSET IN
34600				OCTAL AS IN: @1 FOR THE CUSP ALTERNATE
34700				ENTRY POINT. =SIZEK SPECIFIES THE
34800				DEFAULT LOW SEGMENT SIZE IN 1024 WORD
34900				MULTIPLES AS IN: =5K FOR 6020 WORDS.
35000				THE K MAY BE IN LOWER CASE. ? INDICATES
35100				THAT THE RUN IS CONDITIONAL. IF THE
35200				RUN FAILS AND ? IS SPECIFIED, CONTROL
35300				IS RETURNED FOLLOWING THE CALL ON RUN.
35400				IF ? IS NOT SPECIFIED, AN ERROR MESSAGE
35500				IS PROVIDED AND THE RUN IS TERMINATED.
35600				THE SPECIFICATIONS AFTER THE EXTENSION
35700				MAY BE IN ANY ORDER AND THE USUAL
35800				DEFAULTS APPLY FOR DEV:FILE.EXT.
35900	
36000	<BITS> := STRBIT( <STRING> );
36100				CONVERTS A STRING TO A BITS VALUE.
36200				EACH CHARACTER IS CONVERTED TO 7 BITS
36300				WITH THE MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT OF THE
36400				CHARACTER BEING THE FIRST BIT IN THE
36500				BITSTRING. THE CHARACTER CODE IS ASCII.
36600	
36700	<BITS> := INTBIT( <INTEGER> , <INTEGER> );
36800				THE FIRST INTEGER VALUE IS CONVERTED
36900				INTO A BITSTRING OF LENGTH AS GIVEN
37000				BY THE SECOND VALUE. IF THE LENGTH
37100				IS > 36, THE BITS VALUE IS LEFT FILLED
37200				WITH #0. IF THE LENGTH IS < 36, THE
37300				LOW ORDER BITS OF THE INTEGER VALUE
37400				ARE USED.
37500	
37600	<STRING> := BITSTR( <BITS> );
37700				THE BITSTRING IS CONVERTED INTO A
37800				CHARACTER STRING - 7 BITS PER BYTE.
37900				IF THE BITSTRING IS NOT A MULTIPLE
38000				OF 7 IN LENGTH, THE LAST BYTE IS
38100				PADDED ON THE RIGHT WITH ZERO BITS.
38200	
38300	<INTEGER> := BITINT( <BITS> );
38400				THE BITSTRING IS CONVERTED TO A 36
38500				BIT INTEGER. THE BITS ARE RIGHT
38600				JUSTIFIED IN THE 36 BIT WORD AND
38700				ANY EXTRA HIGH ORDER BITS (IN EXCESS
38800				OF 36) MUST BE ZERO.
38900	
39000	<STRING> := INTSTR( <INTEGER> , <INTEGER> );
39100				THE FIRST INTEGER VALUE IS EDITED
39200				INTO A STRING OF LENGTH AS GIVEN BY
39300				THE SECOND VALUE. THE ASCII EDITED
39400				VALUE IS RIGHT JUSTIFIED IN THE FIELD
39500				AND BLANK FILLED ON THE LEFT WITH A
39600				LEADING MINUS SIGN IF THE VALUE IS
39700				NEGATIVE.
39800	
39900	<INTEGER> := STRINT( <STRING> );
40000				THE STRING IS ASSUMED TO CONTAIN
40100				A DECIMAL NUMBER AS A CHARACTER STRING
40200				WITH OPTIONAL LEADING BLANKS AND A
40300				LEADING MINUS SIGN IF NEGATIVE. THE
40400				NUMBER IS CONVERTED INTO BINARY AND
40500				RETURNED AS THE FUNCTION VALUE.
40600	
40700	<STRING> := BLANKS( <INTEGER> );
40800				RETURNS A STRING OF LENGTH AS GIVEN
40900				BY THE INTEGER ARGUMENT. THE STRING
41000				IS INITIALIZED TO BLANKS.
41100	
41200	<BITS> := ZEROES( <INTEGER> );
41300				RETURNS A BITSTRING OF LENGTH AS GIVEN
41400				BY THE INTEGER ARGUMENT. THE BITSTRING
41500				IS INITIALIZED TO ZEROES.
41600	
41700	<STRING> := COPYSTRING( <STRING> );
41800				RETURNS A COPY OF ITS ARGUMENT.
41900	
42000	<BITS> := COPYBITS( <BITS> );
42100				RETURNS A COPY OF ITS ARGUMENT.
42200	
42300	<INTEGER> := ABS( <INTEGER> );
42400				RETURNS THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF THE ARGUMENT
42500	
42600	THE NEXT THREE FUNCTIONS RETURN A BOOLEAN VALUE AND ARE THE
42700	ONLY BOOLEAN QUANTITIES AVAILABLE EXCEPT FOR THE RESULT OF
42800	THE RELATIONAL OPERATORS.
42900	
43000	ENTRY			TRUE IF THE PROGRAM WAS ENTERED
43100				THROUGH THE ALTERNATE (CUSP) ENTRY.
43200	
43300	ENDFILE( <INTEGER> )	TRUE IF AN ENDFILE CONDITION EXISTS
43400				FOR THE SPECIFIED CHANNEL.
43500	
43600	OPEN( <INTEGER> )	TRUE IF THE SPECIFIED CHANNEL IS
43700				OPEN. USED NORMALLY AFTER A
43800				CONDITIONAL OPENINPUT.
43900	
44000	
44100	INFORMAL SYNTACTICAL DESCRIPTION
44200	--------------------------------
44300	
44400	VARIABLE DECLARATIONS ARE OF THE FORM:
44500	
44600	INTEGER  <NAME> ;
44700	
44800	INTEGER ARRAY <NAME> ( <EXPRESSION> :: <EXPRESSION> );
44900	
45000	INTEGER ARRAY <NAME> ( <EXPR> :: <EXPR> , <EXPR> :: <EXPR> );
45100	
45200	OTHER TYPES ARE:
45300	
45400	STRING(*)	FOR VARIABLE LENGTH STRINGS
45500	
45600	STRING( <NUMBER> )  FOR FIXED LENGTH STRINGS
45700	
45800	BITS(*)		THE SAME FOR BIT STRINGS
45900	
46000	BITS( <NUMBER> )
46100	
46200	REFERENCE	FOR REFERENCE VALUES (POINTERS)
46300	
46400	REFERENCE( <NAME> , <NAME> ... )
46500			HERE, A LIST OF NAMES IN PARENTHESIS FOLLOWS
46600			THE WORD REFERENCE. THE NAMES WOULD NORMALLY
46700			BE THE NAMES OF RECORDS THAT THE REFERENCE
46800			CAN POINT TO. NO CHECKING IS DONE PRESENTLY.
46900	
47000	A RECORD DECLARATION IS AS FOLLOWS:
47100	
47200	RECORD <NAME>( <SCALAR DECLARATION> ; <SCALAR DECLARATION> ... );
47300	
47400	NOTE THAT THE LAST (OR ONLY) DECLARATION IN THE RECORD HAS
47500	 NO SEMICOLON AFTER IT.
47600	
47700	
47800	PROCEDURE DECLARATIONS CAN BE:
47900	
48000	EXTERNAL PROCEDURE <NAME>;
48100	
48200	EXTERNAL PROCEDURE <NAME>( <ARGUMENT> ; <ARGUMENT> ... );
48300	
48400	
48500	<ARGUMENT> MAY BE ANY SCALAR DECLARATION OR AN ARRAY DECLARATION
48600	WITH ASTERISKS SUBSTITUTED FOR 'BOUND PAIRS' LIKE:
48700	
48800	INTEGER ARRAY A(*,*)
48900	
49000	AN ARGUMENT MAY ALSO BE OF THE FORM: PROCEDURE <NAME>
49100	
49200	THESE EXTERNAL PROCEDURE DECLARATIONS DEFINE EXTERNALLY SUPPLIED
49300	PROCEDURES. THEIR NAMES MUST BE UNIQUE WITHIN THE FIRST 6 CHARACTERS
49400	DUE TO MACRO AND LOADER LIMITATIONS.
49500	
49600	AN INTERNAL PROCEDURE DECLARATION IS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME FORM:
49700	
49800	PROCEDURE <NAME>; <STATEMENT>;
49900	
50000	PROCEDURE <NAME>( <ARGUMENT> ; <ARGUMENT> ... ); <STATEMENT>;
50100	
50200	AS IN RECORD DECLARATIONS, THE LAST (OR ONLY) <ARGUMENT> IS
50300	NOT FOLLOWED BY A SEMICOLON.  THERE CAN BE AT MOST 8 ARGUMENTS
50350	TO A PROCEDURE.
50400	
50500	
50600	A PROGRAM THEN CONSISTS OF EITHER A BLOCK OR A PROCEDURE
50700	DECLARATION. A BLOCK IS CONSIDERED TO BE A COMPLETE PROGRAM
50800	WHILE A PROCEDURE DECLARATION IS ASSUMED TO BE AN EXTERNALLY
50900	DEFINED PROCEDURE. WE THEN HAVE EITHER:
51000	
51100	BEGIN
51200	 <DECLARATION> ; <DECLARATION> ; ...
51300	 <STATEMENT> ; <STATEMENT> ; ...
51400	END.
51500	
51600	OR:
51700	
51800	PROCEDURE <NAME>( <ARGUMENT> ... );
51900	 <STATEMENT> .
52000	
52100	NOTE THAT THE END STATEMENT OF THE BLOCK AND THE STATEMENT
52200	IN THE PROCEDURE BODY ARE BOTH FOLLOWED BY A PERIOD. THIS
52300	MARKS THE END OF THE PROGRAM. ALSO, AN EXTERNALLY
52400	DEFINED PROCEDURE NEED NOT HAVE ANY ARGUMENTS.
52500	
52600	
52700	STATEMENTS MAY BE LABELLED AS:   <LABEL>: <LABEL>: ...
52800	AND ARE OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES:
52900	
53000	A BLOCK:
53100		BEGIN
53200		 <DECLARATION> ; <DECLARATION>; ...
53300		 <STATEMENT> ; <STATEMENT>; ...
53400		END
53500	OR:
53600		BEGIN
53700		 <STATEMENT> ; <STATEMENT> ; ...
53800		END
53900	
54000	A GO TO:
54100		GOTO <LABEL>
54200	OR:
54300		GO TO <LABEL>
54400	
54500	A FOR STATEMENT:
54600		FOR <NAME> := <EXPR> STEP <EXPR> UNTIL <EXPR> DO
54700		 <STATEMENT>
54800	
54900	NOTE THAT THE CONTROL VARIABLE OF THE FOR LOOP IS DEFINED
55000	IMPLICITLY. IT MAY NOT BE DEFINED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE
55100	BLOCK AND NESTED FOR STATEMENTS MAY NOT USE THE SAME CONTROL
55200	VARIABLE NAME. THE CONTROL VARIABLE MAY NOT BE REFERENCED
55300	EXCEPT WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE FOR LOOP. ALSO, THE THREE
55400	EXPRESSIONS ARE EVALUATED ONLY ONCE UPON ENTRY TO THE LOOP.
55500	
55600	A WHILE STATEMENT:
55700		WHILE <BOOLEAN EXPR> DO <STATEMENT>
55800	
55900	AN IF STATEMENT:
56000		IF <BOOLEAN EXPR> THEN <STATEMENT>
56100	OR:
56200		IF <BOOLEAN EXPR> THEN <STATEMENT>
56300		 ELSE <STATEMENT>
56400	
56500	A CASE STATEMENT:
56600		CASE <EXPR> OF BEGIN
56700		 <STATEMENT 1>;
56800		 <STATEMENT 2>;
56900		     .
57000		     .
57100		 <STATEMENT N>
57200		END
57300	NOTE THAT NO SEMICOLON FOLLOWS THE LAST STATEMENT. IF THE
57400	VALUE OF THE EXPRESSION IS <= ZERO OR > THE NUMBER OF
57500	STATEMENTS IN THE RANGE OF THE CASE STATEMENT, THE CASE
57600	STATEMENT ACTS AS IF IT WERE IGNORED.
57700	
57800	A COMMENT:
57900		COMMENT <ANY TEXT EXCEPT ;> ;
58000	
58100	A COMMENT MAY OCCUR ANYWHERE A STATEMENT CAN OCCUR. IT ALSO
58200	CAN BE USED ANYWHERE A DECLARATION CAN BE USED LIKE IN
58300	A PROCEDURE DECLARATION OR A RECORD DECLARATION.  NOTE THAT
58400	COMMENTS SHOULD NOT BE LONGER THAN A FEW LINES DUE TO A COMPILER
58500	LIMITATION.  ALSO, WHEN THE SOURCE COMES FROM CARDS OR CARD IMAGE
58600	FILES, ANY TRAILING BLANKS SHOULD BE ELIMINATED.  THEY RUN
58700	AFOUL OF THE SAME LIMITATION.
58800	
58900	
59000	CONSTANTS:
59100	
59200	INTEGER CONSTANTS ARE IN THE USUAL FORM:
59300	 <DIGIT>...
59400	
59500	THE ONLY REFERENCE CONSTANT IS THE SYMBOL: NULL
59600	
59700	STRING CONSTANTS ARE ENCLOSED IN QUOTES: "   "
59800	A QUOTE IS REPRESENTED BY DOUBLE QUOTES:    "   ""   "
59900	THE BACKSLASH CHARACTER IS ILLEGAL IN STRINGS: \
60000	LASTLY, A NULL STRING IS PERFECTLY LEGAL:   ""
60100	
60200	BITSTRINGS ARE GIVEN AS FOLLOWS:  #001001001
60300	THE DIGITS MAY BE ONLY 0 OR 1.
60400	
60500	
60600	VARIABLES:
60700	
60800	PARTS OF A RECORD ARE DENOTED AS:
60900		<RECORD FIELD NAME> ( <REFERENCE VALUE> )
61000	
61100	ELEMENTS OF AN ARRAY ARE DENOTED AS:
61200		<ARRAY VARIABLE NAME> ( <EXPRESSION> , <EXPRESSION> )
61300	WITH POSSIBLY ONLY ONE EXPRESSION INSTEAD OF TWO.
61400	
61500	THE SUBSTRING OF ANY STRING VALUE MAY BE TAKEN. THIS INCLUDES
61600	RECORD ELEMENTS, ARRAY ELEMENTS, SCALARS AND BUILTIN PROCEDURE
61700	VALUES. A SUBSTRING IS DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:
61800		<ELEMENT> ( <START EXPR> , <LENGTH EXPR> )
61900	THE FIRST EXPRESSION GIVES THE STARTING POSITION (BEGINNING AT 1)
62000	AND THE SECOND GIVES THE LENGTH OF THE SUBSTRING.
62100	SOME EXAMPLES ARE:
62200		A(5,3)		B(REF)(4,1)	C(3)(2,3)
62300	
62400	
62500	EXPRESSIONS THEN USE CONSTANTS AND VARIABLE VALUES WITH THE
62600	FOLLOWING OPERATORS:
62700	
62800	INTEGER OPERATORS    +   -   *   DIV   REM
62900	
63000	RELATIONAL OPERATORS    EQL   NEQ   LSS   LEQ   GTR   GEQ   IS
63100	
63200	BOOLEAN OPERATORS     OR   AND   NOT
63300	
63400	STRING, BITS OPERATOR     CAT
63500	
63600	DIV GIVES THE QUOTIENT OF INTEGER DIVISION WHILE REM GIVES THE
63700	REMAINDER. THE RELATIONAL OPERATORS ARE  = , NOT= , < , <= ,
63800	 > AND >= RESPECTIVELY WITH 'IS' A SPECIAL OPERATOR BETWEEN
63900	A REFERENCE AND A RECORD NAME. 'A IS B' IS TRUE IF THE REFERENCE
64000	A POINTS TO A RECORD OF TYPE B.  'AND', 'OR' AND 'NOT' ARE THE
64100	USUAL BOOLEAN OPERATORS WITH THE RESTRICTION THAT PARENTHESIZED
64200	BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS ARE NOT ALLOWED. LASTLY, 'CAT' IS THE STRING
64300	OR BITS CATENATION OPERATION. ITS VALUE IS A NEW STRING WHOSE
64400	LENGTH IS THE SUM OF THE LENGTHS OF THE TWO OPERANDS AND WHOSE
64500	CONTENT IS THE CATENATED VALUES OF THE TWO OPERANDS.
64600	
64700	
64800	THE LAST TYPE OF STATEMENT IS SIMPLY THE ASSIGNMENT
64900	STATEMENT. THE ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR IS := AND ASSIGNMENTS
65000	CAN BE MADE TO ANY SCALAR, ARRAY ELEMENT, RECORD ELEMENT OR
65100	PROCEDURE PARAMETER EXCEPT THAT AN ASSIGNMENT CAN NOT BE MADE
65200	TO A CONTROL VARIABLE OR TO A PROCEDURE PARAMETER WHOSE
65300	ACTUAL ARGUMENT IS A CONSTANT OR CONTROL VARIABLE.
65400	
65500	
65600	THAT'S ALL.   GOOD LUCK!