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File: Exec Node: Top, Up: (DIR)Twenex
This node describes the EXEC commands, giving the Function,
Hints, Operations, Characteristics, and Examples for each command.
* Menu:
* ALGOL Compiler::
* APPEND Command::
* ASSIGN Command::
* BACKSPACE Command::
* BASIC Program::
* BATCH Commands::
* BREAK Command::
* CLOSE Command::
* COBDDT Program::
* COBOL Compiler::
* COMPILE Command::
* CONNECT Command::
* CONTINUE Command::
* COPY Command::
* CREATE Command::
* CREF Command::
* DAYTIME Command::
* DDT Command::
* DDT Program::
* DEASSIGN Command::
* DEBUG Command::
* DEFINE Command::
* DELETE Command::
* DIRECTORY Command::
* DUMPER Program::
* EDIT Command::
* EDIT Program::
* EMACS Program: (EMACS)
* EOF Command::
* EXECUTE Command::
* EXPUNGE Command::
* FDIRECTORY Command::
* FILCOM Program::
* FORDDT Program::
* FORTRAN Compiler::
* GET Command::
* HELP Program::
* INFORMATION Command::
* LOAD Command::
* LOGIN Command::
* LOGOUT Command::
* MACRO Assembler::
* MAIL Program::
* MAKLIB Program::
* MIDAS Assembler: (MIDAS)
* MERGE Command::
* PLEASE Program::
* POP Command::
* PRINT Command::
* PUSH Command::
* RDMAIL Program::
* REENTER Command::
* RENAME Command::
* RESET Command::
* REWIND Command::
* RUN Command::
* SAVE Command::
* SET Command::
* SKIP Command::
* SORT Program::
* SRCCOM Program: (SRCCOM)
* START Command::
* SYSTAT Command::
* TALK Command::
* TDIRECTORY Command::
* TERMINAL Command::
* TRANSL Program::
* TYPE Command::
* UNDELETE Command::
* UNLOAD Command::
* VDIRECTORY Command::
* XINFO Program::
File: Exec Node: ALGOL Compiler, Up: Top
Function
The ALGOL compiler produces object programs from ALGOL source
programs.
Hints
To run an ALGOL program:
1. Enter your source program into a file (by using EDIT),
2. Give the EXECUTE command to compile, load and start the
program.
Use the DDT program to debug ALGOL programs.
If you have a main program and assorted subroutines that require
special loading, *Note LOAD: LOAD Command.
Operation
1. Enter your ALGOL program into a file.
@EMACS
C-X C-V SQRT.ALG
BEGIN
REAL X, Y;
WRITE ("[2C] TYPE THE VALUE OF X: [B]");
READ (X);
Y := SQRT(X);
WRITE ("[C] THE SQUAREROOT OF ");
PRINT (X,3,3);
WRITE (" IS ");
PRINT (Y,3,3);
END
C-X C-S
Written: SQRT.ALG.1
C-C
@
2. Give the EXECUTE command to run the program.
@EXECUTE (FROM) SQRT.ALG
ALGOL: SQRT
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT SQRT Execution]
TYPE THE VALUE OF X: 34.889
THE SQUAREROOT OF 34.889 IS 5.907
END OF EXECUTION - 2K CORE
EXECUTION TIME: 0.08 SECS.
ELAPSED TIME: 4.46 SECS.
@
Characteristics
The LOAD-class commands run the ALGOL compiler to translate your
ALGOL source program, thereby destroying the contents of memory.
Depending on the operation you request, your terminal may or may
not be left in EXEC.
Examples
The user creates and runs his ALGOL program.
@EMACS
C-X C-V T.ALG
BEGIN
INTEGER I,J;
WRITE ("[2C] TYPE THE NUMBER: [B]");
READ (I);
J := 2 * I;
WRITE ("[C] TWICE THAT NUMBER IS: ");
PRINT (J);
END
C-X C-S
Written: T.ALG.1
C-C
@EXECUTE (FROM) T.ALG
ALGOL: T
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT T Execution]
TYPE THE NUMBER: 345
TWICE THAT NUMBER IS: 690
END OF EXECUTION - 2K CORE
EXECUTION TIME: 0.07 SECS.
ELAPSED TIME: 4.23 SECS.
@
The user runs an ALGOL program with two subroutines.
@EXECUTE (FROM) COMPAR,NEWTON,PSQRT
ALGOL: COMPAR
ALGOL: NEWTON
ALGOL: PSQRT
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT COMPAR Execution]
TYPE A NUMBER: 4.
END OF EXECUTION - 2K CORE
EXECUTION TIME: 0.12 SECS.
ELAPSED TIME: 11.00 SECS.
@
File: Exec Node: APPEND Command, Up: Top
Function
The APPEND command adds the contents of one or more source files
to the end of a destination file. The destination file can be an
existing file or a new file.
Hints
The APPEND command is useful for appending a sequence of files.
You should give the files (and only these files) a common file
type. Then, give the APPEND command with the following source
file specification (which uses the wildcard construction):
*.typ
The system appends the files to the destination file. The source
files are taken in the alphabetical order of their file names.
For example, if you have three files: ANGLE1.RAD, ANGLE2.RAD and
ANGLE3.RAD (and no other files with the file type .RAD), then the
command
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE) *.RAD.1 (TO) RADII.RAD.1 [NEW FILE]
places the files ANGLE1.RAD, ANGLE2.RAD and ANGLE3.RAD (in that
order) in the file RADII.RAD.
When the system appends more than one file in a given command, it
prints the name of each file as it starts appending the file,
then the word [OK] when the transfer of that file is finished.
Special Cases
If there is a deleted (but not expunged) generation of the
destination file, you are not permitted to use that destination
file specification until you expunge your deleted files.
Format
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE) filespecs (TO) dev:<dir>name.typ.gen
filespecs is a single file specification or a string of file
specifications (separated by commas), that
indicate the source file(s). A file specification
has the form:
dev:<dir>name.typ.gen
If you omit dev:, the system uses DSK:.
If you omit <dir>, the system uses your connected
directory.
You may use wildcards in the source file
specification. The files identified by the
wildcards are appended in alphabetical order of
their file names and types.
dev: is the name of the device that contains the
destination file. The system uses DSK: if you do
not give a device name.
<dir> is the directory that contains the destination
file. You must have access to this directory. If
you omit the <dir>, the system uses your connected
directory.
name.typ.gen is the file name, type, and generation number of
the destination file. The destination file does
not have to exist before you give the APPEND
command.
You may not use the wildcard feature in the
destination file specification.
Operation
1. Type APPE and press the ESC key; the system prints ND
(SOURCE FILE).
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the source file specification(s)
and (if you do not use recognition) press the ESC key. The
system prints (TO).
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE) SHIFT.SIZ.5 (TO)
If you type a non-existent file name, type, or generation
number, the system prints one of the appropriate messages
below, to indicate that you should find the correct argument
and reissue the command.
?FILE NOT FOUND
?NO SUCH TYPE
?NO SUCH GENERATION NUMBER
3. Type (or use recognition on) the destination file
specification.
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE) SHIFT.SIZ.5 (TO) SHIFT.TYP.2
4. If you use recognition on an existing destination file
specification, or leave a space after a new destination file
specification, the system prints a message telling you to
which category your destination file belongs.
[OLD GENERATION] if the destination file has an existing
file name, type and generation number.
[NEW GENERATION] if the destination file has an existing
file name and type, but the generation
number is larger (or defaults to one
larger) than the existing generation
number.
[NEW FILE] if the destination file has a file name
and extension that are not in your
directory.
[OK] if the destination device does not use
file names (line printers, papertape
punch, card punch, etc.).
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE) SHIFT.SIZ.5 (TO) SHIFT.TYP.2
5. Press the RETURN key. The system appends the source file(s)
to the destination file. If you append more than one file,
the system prints each file specification as it appends the
corresponding file. When the command is finished, the system
prints an @.
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE) SHIFT.SIZ.5 (TO) SHIFT.TYP.2
@
Characteristics
The APPEND command does not change the contents of memory.
The APPEND command leaves your terminal in EXEC
when TTY: is not the source device. If the source device is
your terminal, it is left in user mode and the system transfers
anything you type (following the termination of the command) to
the destination file. The transfer continues until you type a
CTRL/Z (^Z). CTRL/Z completes the execution of the APPEND
command and leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
Files which contain a program that has been SAVED (i.e., files in
.EXE file format) can not be appended since their structure is
destroyed in the transfer. The transfer does not succeed even if
both source and destination files are on disk.
Examples
The user appends all the files with the extension .DAT (R2.DAT,
TSTAT.DAT, ROOT.DAT and WALDS.DAT) to the new file MASTER.DAT:
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE) *.DAT (TO) MASTER.DAT [NEW FILE]
R2.DAT.1 [OK]
TSTAT.DAT.2 [OK]
ROOT.DAT.1 [OK]
WALDS.DAT.3 [OK]
@
The user appends the file RASTER.SCA.1 to a new generation of the
file SCREEN.LAY.5:
@APPEND (SOURCE FILE) RASTER.SCA.1 (TO) SCREEN.LAY.5
@
File: Exec Node: ASSIGN Command, Up: Top
Function
The ASSIGN command allocates an input-output (I/O) device for the
exclusive use of your job. Your job retains control over the
device until you give a DEASSIGN command or until you log off the
system.
Hints
Before giving an ASSIGN command, give the INFORMATION (ABOUT)
AVAILABLE DEVICES command to obtain a list of the assignable
devices. After selecting an available device, give the ASSIGN
command to allocate that device to your job.
You can give a second INFORMATION (ABOUT) AVAILABLE DEVICES
command to confirm that the device has been assigned to your job.
Remember to mount a magnetic tape before using a magnetic tape
drive.
Use the DEFINE command to assign a logical name to a device.
Format
@ASSIGN (DEVICE) dev:
dev: specifies the device that you want to assign. The colon
following the device name is optional. The standard
input/output devices and their device names are listed in
the table below.
Device Device Name
Magnetic tape drive MTAn:
Your terminal TTY:
Other terminals TTYn:
Line printer LPT:
Card reader CDR:
Pseudo-terminal PTYn:
n is a number that specifies the particular device, when
more than one of a generic type are available. For
example, MTA1: specifies the magnetic tape drive labeled
1.
Operation
1. Type ASSI and press the ESC key; the system prints GN
(DEVICE).
@ASSIGN (DEVICE)
2. Type the name of the device that you wish to assign (you may
not use recognition).
@ASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA1:
3. Press the RETURN key. When the device is assigned to your
job, the system prints an @ on your terminal.
@ASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA1:
@
Errors
1. If the device is already assigned to another job, the system
prints the message ?dev: ALREADY ASSIGNED TO JOB n returns
you to command level. Reissue the command with a different
device name.
2. If you have already assigned the device to your job, the
system prints the message [ALREADY ASSIGNED TO YOU]
immediately following the ASSIGN command.
Characteristics
The ASSIGN command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
You may not assign the device DSK:.
Logical names cannot be assigned to devices by using the ASSIGN
command; refer to the DEFINE command.
You may not assign a device that is already assigned to another
job, or that you have already assigned to your job.
Examples
The user assigns magnetic tape drive number three to his job:
@ASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA3:
@
File: Exec Node: BACKSPACE Command, Up: Top
Function
The BACKSPACE command moves a magnetic tape backward over a
specified number of files or records.
Hints
Remember to assign the tape drive to your job and have the
operator mount your tape on it.
Be sure you have the correct tape parameter set (check them with
the INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS command); if necessary,
give the SET TAPE command.
Format
@BACKSPACE (DEVICE) dev: n units
dev: is the magnetic tape device name in the form MTAn:
where n is the drive number.
n is the number of files or records over which you
want to backspace.
units is either FILES or RECORDS.
Operation
1. Type BACK and press the ESC key; the system prints
SPACE (DEVICE).
@BACKSPACE (DEVICE)
2. Type the device name and leave a space.
@BACKSPACE (DEVICE) MTA2:
If the device is not a magnetic tape, the system ignores the
command and prints the message:
?dev: DEVICE IS NOT A MAGTAPE
where dev: is the device name you typed.
If you typed a non-existent device, the system ignores the
command and prints the message:
?DEVICE OR DATA ERROR
3. Type the number of files or records and leave a space.
@BACKSPACE (DEVICE) MTA1: 5
If you type a number greater than 67777777777(octal), the
system ignores the command and prints the message:
?NUMBER OUT OF RANGE
4. Type (or use recognition on) the word FILES or RECORDS and
press the RETURN key.
@BACKSPACE (DEVICE) MTA1: 5 FILES
@
Errors
1. If the device is not on-line, the system ignores the command
and prints the message:
?DEVICE MUST BE ON-LINE
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator; then reissue
the command.
2. If a tape is not mounted on the drive, the system may print
the message:
?DEVICE OR DATA ERROR
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator, then reissue
the command.
Characteristics
The BACKSPACE command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
The BACKSPACE command works only for magnetic tapes.
Examples
The user backspaces his tape 3 files.
@BACKSPACE (DEVICE) MTA2: 3 FILES
@
The user backspaces MTA0: 5 records.
@BACKSPACE (DEVICE) 5 RECORDS
@
File: Exec Node: BASIC Program, Up: Top
Function
BASIC runs user's programs written in the BASIC language.
Format
@BASIC
READY, FOR HELP TYPE HELP
command is any valid BASIC command listed in Table n.
Table n
BASIC Commands
CATALOG dev:
Prints the names and types of your disk files.
DELETE range,range
Deletes the specified lines from your program in memory. A
range is either a line number or two line numbers separated
by a hyphen.
HELP
Prints a list of all the BASIC commands (with explanations)
on your terminal.
LIST range, range
LISTNH range, range
Prints the specified lines. A range is either a single line
number or two line numbers separated by a hyphen. LISTNH
prints the lines without a heading.
MONITOR
Returns you to command level. If you are going to give a
command which destroys the contents of memory, you should
give the SAVE or replace command first to save your file,
else it is destroyed and you cannot reclaim it.
NEW name.typ
Places BASIC in input mode and you may begin typing a new
file. To type a file, you must first type the line number,
then the contents of the line.
OLD name.typ
Places the specified file in memory and lets you change it
or run it.
REPLACE name.typ
Replaces the existing disk file (of the specified name and
type) with the file currently in memory.
RESEQUENCE n,o,i
Renumbers the lines in your current program in memory. New
line number n replaces old line number 0; succeeding lines
are numbered by adding i successively. If you give only n,
the first line in the file is changed to n and each
succeeding line number is created by successively adding 10.
RUN
RUNNH
Starts the program in memory. RUNNH does not print the
initial heading.
SAVE
Saves the program in memory on disk storage.
SCRATCH
Clears the current contents of memory.
UNSAVE name.typ
Deletes the file with the given name and type.
Operation
1. Type BASIC and press the RETURN key; the system prints
READY, FOR HELP TYPE HELP.
@BASIC
READY, FOR HELP TYPE HELP
2. Type any valid BASIC command, chosen from the list in Table n
or selected from the list printed by the HELP command.
LISTNH 40
40 PRINT "THIS IS LINE 5 OF THE REPORT."
3. When you are finished, give the MONITOR command to return you
to command level.
MONITOR
@
Characteristics
The BASIC program translates your BASIC programs, thereby
destroying the contents of memory. Your terminal is left at
BASIC command level.
Restrictions
zmu may not create program files with EDIT and use them with
BASIC. If you prepare data files using EDIT, be sure to
unsequence your file.
Examples
@BASIC !The user starts BASIC
READY, FOR HELP TYPE HELP.
NEW TEST.BAS Starts inputting a
new file - TEST.BAS
READY
10 X=6.5 Types the program
20 Y=2.1
30 PRINT 'THE VALUE OF THE SUM IS;"; X+Y
40 END
SAVE Saves it on disk
READY
RUN Runs it
TEST 16:16 16-JAN-76
THE VALUE OF THE SUM IS; 8.6
TIME: 0.09 SECS.
READY
LIST Lists the program
TEST 16:17 16-JAN-76
10 X=6.5
20 Y=2.1
30 PRINT "THE VALUE OF THE SUM IS;"; X+Y
40 END
READY
30 PRINT "THE VALUE OF THE SUM IS"; X+Y Changes one line
REPLACE Replaces the file on
disk storage
READY
RUN Reruns the program
TEST 16:17 16-JAN-76
THE VALUE OF THE SUM IS 8.6
TIME: 0.09 SECS.
READY
MONITOR And returns to command
level
@BASIC The user starts BASIC
READY, FOR HELP TYPE HELP.
OLD TEST.BAS Gets his old program
READY
RUN And runs it
TEST 16:24 16-JAN-76
THE VALUE OF THE SUM IS 8.6
TIME: 0.08 SECS.
READY
MONITOR Then returns to
command level
@
File: Exec Node: BATCH Commands, Up: Top
Function
The Batch commands control the operation of a Batch job.
Hints
To create a Batch job, use EDIT to enter into a file the commands
you would type on your terminal. Referred to as a Batch control
file, this file may also contain Batch commands (some are listed
in Table n) and each line may be preceded by a lable (six or less
alphanumeric characters followed by two colons, the first
character must be alphabetic). After creating the control file,
give the SUBMIT command to ask the system to start processing the
job.
Refer to Chapter 3 for more information on Batch jobs.
Format
@name argument
name is the name of the Batch command.
argument is either a label or a character. A label is
comprised of not more than six alphanumeric
characters followed by a double colon. An example
of a label is BEGIN::.
Table n
Batch Commands
@BACKTO label
Transfers control to the line in the control file that is
preceded by the specified label. If the label does not
exist, your job is terminated.
@ERROR character
Declares the whenever the system prints the given character,
that an error has occurred. If you do not specify a
character, the system uses ?; if you specify a character it
may not be a control character (CTRL/C, CTRL/O, etc.), an
exclamation point, or a semicolon.
@GOTO label
Transfers control to the line in the control file that is
preceded by the specified label or the label %FIN::, which
ever comes first. If neither label is found, your job is
terminated.
@IF (condition) statement
Tests for the given condition and if that condition has
occurred (or is true), executes the specified statement.
The statement may be a Batch command, a system command, a
command to a program, data, or a comment. The variable
condition may be either ERROR or NOERROR; you must include
the parenthesis.
@NOERROR
Ignores all error signals except the ?TIME LIMIT EXCEEDED
message and any Batch error.
Operation
1. Enter the commands which form your job into a file.
@EMACS
C-X C-V TESTV.BAT
@COMPILE /CREF PRMAIN.MAC
@IF (ERROR) GOTO NOLUC
@COMPILE /CREF PRSUB.MAC
@IF (ERROR) GOTO NOLUC
@COMPILE /CREF PROUT.MAC
@IF (ERROR) GOTO NOLUC
@CREF
@LOAD PRMAIN,PRSUB,PROUT
@SAVE
NOLUC::@DELETE *.TMP
C-X C-S
Written: TESTV.BAT.1
C-C
@
2. Give the SUBMIT command to enter the job into the Batch
input queue.
@SUBMIT TESTV.BAT
[INP:TESTV=/SEQ:3148/TIME:00:05:00]
@
Output
Refer to the description of the SUBMIT command for an explanation
of the output resulting from a Batch job.
Characteristics
Batch commands may be used only in a Batch control file and may
not be given from your terminal.
Submitting a Batch job requires giving the SUBMIT command which
destroys the contents of memory and leaves your terminal in
EXEC.
Examples
The user creates and submits a Batch job.
@EMACS
C-X C-V SUBT.BAT
@EXECUTE LIBRAY.FOR,LIBSUB.FOR,IO.MAC
*45.
*46.
@PRINT LIBRAY.DAT
C-X C-S
Written: SUBT.BAT.1
C-C
@SUBMIT SUBT.BAT
[INP:SUBT=/SEQ:3149/TIME:00:05:00]
@
The user checks to see if his Batch job is running.
@SUBMIT
INPUT QUEUE:
STS USER JOB SEQ PRIO TIME AFTER
RUN MCKIE SUBT 3149 10 00:05:00
TOTAL: INP: 1 job; 00:05:00 Sec. Runtime
@
File: Exec Node: BREAK Command, Up: Top
Function
The BREAK command clears all links that have been made to or from
your terminal.
Hints
The TALK command establishes a link between your terminal and
another user's terminal.
Format
@BREAK (LINKS)
There are no arguments to the BREAK command.
Operation
1. Type BREA and press the ESC key; the system prints K
(LINKS).
@BREAK (LINKS)
2. Press the RETURN key. When the system breaks the links, it
prints an @ on your terminal.
@BREAK (LINKS)
@
Characteristics
The BREAK command:
Is opposite in function to the TALK command.
Does not require you to be logged-in to the system.
Breaks only the links to or from your terminal.
Gives no error message if you do not have any links to or
from your terminal.
Does not change the contents of memory.
Leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user breaks all the links to his terminal:
@BREAK (LINKS)
@
File: Exec Node: CLOSE Command, Up: Top
Function
The CLOSE command closes any open file(s).
Hints
Each time you open a file, the system assigns this opening a
unique number called a Job File Number, or JFN. The INFORMATION
(ABOUT) FILE-STATUS command lists all your open files and their
associated JFNs.
If you stop a program by typing two CTRL/Cs, you may examine any
files which it has opened by immediately giving the CLOSE
command, then typing or printing their contents.
Format
@CLOSE (JFN) n
n is a JFN of an open file. If you want to close
all open files, do not specify an argument n.
Operation
1. Type CLOS and press the ESC key; the system prints E (JFN).
@CLOSE (JFN)
2. Type the JFN (to close one specific opening) and press the
RETURN key, or simply press the RETURN key (to close all open
files). The system prints a message about every file it
tries to close.
@CLOSE (JFN) 3
3 NXTFIL.FOR.2 [OK]
@
Characteristics
The CLOSE command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
The CLOSE command cannot close files which are mapped into
memory. Give the RESET command and try again, but remember that
RESET destroys the contents of memory.
Examples
The user gives the INFORMATION command, then closes all his open
files.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) FILE-STATUS (OF JFN)
CONNECTED TO <MCKIE>. JFNS:
7 024EDI.TEM.1 WRITE, NEW FILE, 0.(36)
6 COMPILE.TXT.6 READ, 1555.(36)
5 024TMPCOR-DATA-BASE,TMP.100024;T READ, WRITE, NEW FILE, 0.(36)
4 <SUBSYS>PPN-TO-DIRECTORY-HASH-TABLE.BIN.26 READ, 0.(0)
3 <SUBSYS>PA1050.EXE.362 READ, EXECUTE
2 <NEW>EDIT.EXE.15 READ, EXECUTE
1 <SYSTEM>EXEC.EXE.287 READ, EXECUTE
DEVICES ASSIGNED TO THIS JOB: TTY16
@CLOSE (JFN)
7 024EDI.TEM.1 [OK]
6 COMPILE.TXT.6 [OK]
5 024TMPCOR-DATA-BASE.TMP.100024;T CAN'T CLOSE FILE
4 <SUBSYS>PPN-TO-DIRECTORY-HASH-TABLE.BIN.26 CAN'T CLOSE FILE
3 <SUBSYS>PA1050.EXE.362 CAN'T CLOSE FILE
2 <NEW>EDIT.EXE.15 CAN'T CLOSE FILE
1 <SYSTEM>EXEC.EXE.287 CAN'T CLOSE FILE
@
The user closes the file COMPILE.TXT.6.
@CLOSE (JFN) 5
5 COMPILE.TXT.6 [OK]
@
The user tries to close a file, but finds the file is still
mapped to a portion of memory. After giving the RESET command,
the file is successfully closed.
@CLOSE (JFN) 5
5 T.FOR.7 CAN'T CLOSE FILE - File still mapped
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) MEMORY-USAGE
504. PAGES, ENTRY VECTOR LOC 435 LEN 2
0-1 PRIVATE R, W, E
2-10 <OLD>VTED.EXE.34 5-13 R, CW, E
20-137 @ T.FOR.7 0-117 R, W, E
140-141 T.FOR.7 120-121 R, W, E
142-767 @ T.FOR.7 122-747 R, W, E
770-775 <SUBSYS>UDDT.EXE.3 1-6 R, CW, E
777 PRIVATE R, W, E
@RESET
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) FILE-STATUS (OF JFN)
CONNECTED TO <MCKIE>. JFNS:
1 <SYSTEM>EXEC.EXE.298 READ, EXECUTE
DEVICES ASSIGNED TO THIS JOB: TTY107
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES) T.FOR.*
<MCKIE>
T.FOR.7
@
File: Exec Node: COBDDT Program, Up: Top
Function
The COBDDT program helps you debug COBOL programs.
Hints
You must load your program into memory along with COBDDT. Your
program must contain symbols, thus you must not load it with the
switch /NOSYMBOLS.
If you type a CTRL/C, you may resume COBDDT execution by giving
either the CONTINUE or DDT command.
Format
@DEBUG (FROM) /COBOL filespecs
COBOL: MAIN
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB COBDDT Execution]
STARTING COBOL DDT
*COBDDT command
filespecs is a list of COBOL programs. If the files have
the type .CBL, you do not have to include the
/COBOL switch.
COBDDT command is any valid COBDDT command listed in the
following table.
Table
COBDDT Commands
Commands
After you have given the DEBUG command, and the system
prints an asterisk, you may give a COBDDT command. You may
abbreviate each command to one letter.
Data-names, Paragraph-names, and Section-names
You may abbreviate each data-name, paragraph-name, or
section-name to a unique number of characters.
Paragraph-names may be qualified by section-names;
data-names may be qualified by higher-level data names
and/or subscripted. The subscripts for a qualified
data-name must appear immediately after the first data-name.
Section-names and data-names cannot be qualified by
program-names because COBDDT uses the names in the program
specified in the MODULE command.
ACCEPT data-name
Changes the value of the specified data-item. After giving
the ACCEPT command, type the data on the next line. If you
omit data-name, the system uses the last name you gave in
the most recent ACCEPT or DISPLAY command.
BREAK paragraph-name
Sets a break point (or pause) at the beginning of the
specified paragraph. You may set twenty break points, but
they may not occur in overlay sections.
CLEAR paragraph-name
Removes the breakpoint at the specified paragraph. If you
omit the paragraph name, the system removes all breakpoints.
DISPLAY data-name
Prints the value of a data item. If you omit the data-name,
the system prints the value of the data name you specified
in the most recent ACCEPT or DISPLAY command.
MODULE program-name
Takes data names and procedure names from the specified
program. Normally, within a run unit containing more than
one program, COBDDT searches for data names and procedure
names in the current program. The MODULE command changes
the current program. All subsequent searches for data names
and procedure names will be within the specified program
until COBDDT enters the next program in the run unit or
until you give another MODULE command.
PROCEED n
Starts execution or continues execution after a breakpoint.
If you give a number n, the program continues until
completion or until it reaches n occurrences of the
preceding breakpoint.
STOP
Stops the program and closes all open files. The STOP
command is equivalent to the COBOL STOP RUN statement.
TRACE value
Starts or stops tracing, depending on whether you use ON or
OFF for value. When tracing is on, the system prints the
name of each paragraph or section (enclosed in angle
brackets) as it is entered.
WHERE
Prints the current location, the names of all paragraphs at
which you set breakpoints, and the number of break points
which you may yet assign.
Operation
1. Type DEBU and press the ESC key; the system prints G (FROM).
@DEBUG (FROM)
2. If the source file specifications do not contain the file
type .CBL, type the /COBOL switch and leave a space;
otherwise, type (or use recognition on) the file
specifications. The system will compile the sources (if
necessary), load them into memory along with COBDDT, then
transfer control to COBDDT.
@DEBUG (FROM) NUMBER.CBL,SUMSUB.CBL
COBOL: NUMBER
COBOL: SUMSUB
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB COBDDT Execution]
STARTING COBOL DDT
*
3. Once the system prints an asterisk, you are at COBDDT command
level and you may give any of the COBDDT commands listed
above. In the example, the user gives the PROCEED command
which starts execution of his program.
*PROCEED
4. If your program generates an error that would normally cause
abortion of execution, the system returns control to COBDDT,
printing the message:
?ENTERING COBDDT FROM: paragraph-name
*
where paragraph-name is the name of the paragraph containing
the error. You may then give any COBDDT command.
Characteristics
The DEBUG command loads your COBOL program into memory along with
COBDDT, thereby destroying the contents of memory. Your terminal
is left at COBDDT command level.
Restrictions
You may use COBDDT to debug only COBOL programs.
Examples
The user debugs his program.
@DEBUG (FROM) COMPUT.CBL !Load the program with COBDDT
COBOL: MAIN [COMPUT.CBL]
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB COBDDT Execution]
STARTING COBOL DDT ;COBDDT starts
*BREAK NXT1 ;Set a breakpoint at NXT1
*BREAK NXT2 ;And also at NXT2
*WHERE ;List the breakpoints
PROGRAM NOT STARTED
BREAK POINTS:
<<NXT1>>
<<NXT2>>
18 UNUSED BREAK POINTS
*TRACE ON ;Enable tracing
*PROCEED ;Start the program
<<ST>> ;Execution has entered the
-7.0E0 PARAGRAPH ST.
1.0E0
BREAK AT <<NXT1>> ;The program reached a break-
point
*DISPLAY A ;Print the value of A
3
*ACCEPT A ;Change the value of A
4
*D A ;Print the new value of A
4
*PROCEED ;Resume execution
<<CC>> ;Execution has entered the
PARAGRAPH CC.
BREAK AT <<NXT2>> ;The program reached a break-
point
*WHERE ;Print the current status
PROGRAM STOPPED AT <<NXT1>>
BREAK POINTS
<<NXT1>>
<<NXT2>>
18 UNUSED BREAK POINTS
*CLEAR NXT2 ;Remove a break point
*PROCEED ;Resume execution
<<NXT3>> ;Beginning paragraph NXT3
<<ENDIT>> ;Beginning paragraph ENDIT
THE RESULT IS 4.566 ;Here is the answer
EXIT ;The program ends
@
File: Exec Node: COBOL Compiler, Up: Top
Function
The COBOL compiler produces object programs from COBOL source
programs.
Hints
To run a COBOL program:
1. Enter your source program into a file (by using EDIT).
2. Give the EXECUTE command to compile, load, and start your
program.
Use the COBDDT program to debug COBOL programs.
If you have a main program and assorted subroutines that require
special loading, refer to Chapter 8 which describes the
LOAD-class commands.
Operation
1. Enter your program into a file using EDIT.
@EMACS
C-X C-V COMPUT.CBL
ID DIVISION.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
77 F1 COMP-1 VALUE 3.
77 F2 COMP-1 VALUE 4.
77 F3 COMP-1.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "TYPE A NUMBER: " WITH NO ADVANCING.
ACCEPT F3.
COMPUTE F3 = 2.0 * F3.
DISPLAY "TWICE THAT NUMBER IS: " WITH NO ADVANCING.
DISPLAY F3.
STOP RUN.
C-X C-S
Written: COMPUT.CBL.1
C-C
@
2. Compile, load, and start your program.
@EXECUTE (FROM) COMPUT.CBL
COBOL: MAIN [COMPUT.CBL]
[LNKXCT COMPUT EXECUTION]
TYPE A NUMBER: 4
TWICE THAT NUMBER IS 6.0E0
EXIT
@
Characteristics
The LOAD-class commands run the COBOL compiler to translate your
COBOL source program, thereby destroying the contents of memory.
Depending on the operation you request, your terminal may or may
not be left in EXEC.
Restrictions
In order to use the COBOL compiler you may not change the
definition of the logical name SYS:. Should you change the
definition and try to compile a COBOL program, the system will
print the following message, then cancel the command:
? "DSK" IS NOT THE DSK
Remove the definition of the logical name SYS: and reissue the
command.
Examples
The user creates and executes a COBOL program.
@EMACS !Enter the program.
C-X C-V COMPUT.CBL
ID DIVISION.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
77 F1 COMP-1 VALUE 3.
77 F2 COMP-1 VALUE 4.
77 F3 COMP-1.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "TYPE A NUMBER: " WITH NO ADVANCING.
ACCEPT F3.
COMPUTE F3 = 2.0 * F3.
DISPLAY "TWICE THAT NUMBER IS: " WITH NO ADVANCING.
DISPLAY F3.
STOP RUN.
C-X C-S
Written: COMPUT.CBL.1
C-C
@EXECUTE (FROM) COMPUT.CBL !Give the EXECUTE command
COBOL: MAIN [COMPUT.CBL]
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT COMPUT Execution]
TYPE A NUMBER: 35
TWICE THAT NUMBER IS: 7.0E1
EXIT
@
The user starts debugging the NUMBER program.
@DEBUG (FROM) NUMBER.CBL
COBOL: LETTER [NUMBER.CBL]
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB COBDDT Execution]
STARTING COBOL DDT
*
The user loads the main program TEST3 and its two subroutines
TEST1 and TEST2. The program is then saved for future use so
it can be executed by giving the RUN command.
@LOAD (FROM) TEST1,TEST2,TEST3
COBOL: TEST1 [TEST1.CBL]
COBOL: TEST2 [TEST2.CBL]
COBOL: TEST3 [TEST3.CBL]
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@SAVE
TEST3.EXE.1 SAVED
@RUN (PROGRAM) TEST3
EXIT
@
File: Exec Node: COMPILE Command, Up: Top
Function
The COMPILE command translates one or more source files,
producing an object file.
Hints
Having compiled a program, you can run it by loading and starting
the program.
Special Cases
If you give only LOAD-command switches as arguments to a COMPILE
command, the system appends the arguments you gave in the last
LOAD-class command which contained a file specification or LINK
switch, then executes the command. If there are no arguments to
recall, the system prints the message ?NO SAVED ARGUMENTS.
If you type the name of the source files used to produce the
desired object file(s), the system will update the object file if
it is older than any one of the corresponding source files.
Suppose you give the command:
@COMPILE (FROM) NXTLAT.FOR
If NXTLAT.REL does not exist, or if it is older than the most
recent NXTLAT.FOR) (i.e., it has a write date before the write
date of NXTLAT.FOR), then the system compiles NSTLAT.FOR to
produce an up-to-date NXTLAT.REL.
Format
@COMPILE (FROM) sources object,sources object,...
sources is one or more source file specifications preceded
and/or followed by switches. You must separate
the source fils with plus signs. No spaces or
tabs are allowed. If you do not give a file type
in a file specification, the system looks for a
source file with one of the standard types listed
in Table n. If there is more than one file with a
standard file type, the system uses .FOR.
a space separates the source file specifications from the
object file specification. If you do not give an
object file specification, you do not have to
leave a space.
object is an object file specification. If you do not
give an object file specification, the system uses
the name of the last file in the corresponding
sources and the type .REL.
@name.typ You may store any portion of the command in a
file. That portion of the command is included -
just as if you typed it on your terminal -
whenever you type an @ followed by the name of the
file. You may use recognition in typing the file
specification, but the commands within the file
may not use recognition.
Table n
Standard File Types
Type Language
.ALG ALGOL
.CBL COBOL
.FAI FAIL
.FOR FORTRAN (default)
.MAC MACRO
.SAI SAIL
.SNO SNOBOL
Table n
COMPILE Command Switches
You may use recognition to help you type a switch and any file
specification which is an argument to a switch. If you place a
switch before a set of sources, the switch applies to all the
files in that set of sources; if you place a switch after a file
specification in a set of sources, the switch applies to just
that file.
Switch Function
/ALGOL
(or a file with the type .ALG) Compiles the file using
ALGOL.
/BINARY
Generates a binary file for each set of source file
specifications. Normally, the system generates these binary
files, so this switch is useful in turning on a global
/NOBINARY switch.
/COBOL
(or a file with the type .CBL) Compiles the file using
COBOL.
/COMPILE
(or an object file older than any one of the corresponding
source files) Produces an object file from the sources,
regardless of whether it is up-to-date or not. The
/NOCOMPILE switch causes the system to produce an object
file only if it is out-of-date; the /RELOCATABLE switch
causes the system to use an existing object file, regardless
of its date. Normally, the system assumes the action of the
/NOCOMPILE switch.
/CREF
Produces a cross-reference listing file for each file that
is compiled or assembled. The name of the output file is
the name of the last source file and the type is .CRF. You
can then give the CREF command to produce a listing.
/FAIL
(or a file with the type .FAI) Assembles the file with FAIL.
/FORTRAN
(or a file with the type .FOR or a non-standard type)
Compiles the file using FORTRAN.
/LIST
Generates a disk listing file for each file that is compiled
or assembled. Give the PRINT command if you want a line
printer copy of the file. The listing file name is the name
of the last source file and the type is .LST. Unless you
specify this switch, the system does not generate a listing
file. If you also specify the /CREF switch, the system
produces only the cross-reference listing file.
/MACRO
(or a file with the type .MAC) Assembles the file using
MACRO.
/NOBINARY
Inhibits the generation of an object file. This switch is
useful along with the /CREF or /LIST switch to produce
listings without additionally producing an object file.
/NOCOMPILE
Compiles a file only if it is out-of-date. Since the system
normally does this, the /NOCOMPILE switch is usful for
turning off a global /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE switch.
Normally, the system assumes the action of the /NOCOMPILE
switch.
/NOLIST
Inhibits the generation of a listing file. Normally, the
system does not generate a listing file.
/NOOPTIMIZE
Inhibits the generation of optimized object files (FORTRAN
programs only).
/OPTIMIZE
Produces optimized object files (FORTRAN programs only).
/SAIL
(or a file with the type .SAI) Assembles the file using
SAIL.
/SNOBOL
(or a file with the type .SNO) Translates the file with
SNOBOL.
Operation
1. Type COMP and press the ESC key; the system prints ILE
(FROM).
@COMPILE (FROM)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the sets of sources
specifications and object specifications. Press the RETURN
key. The system translates the specified files.
@COMPILE (FROM) TEST.FOR,SUB1.FOR
FORTRAN: TEST
FORTRAN: SUB1
@
Errors
1. If you give a command and one of the source files is missing,
the system continues processing the command and prints the
message:
%SOURCE FILE MISSING - name.typ
where name.typ is the name and type of the source file.
Characteristics
The COMPILE command runs the appropriate language translator,
thereby destroying the contents of memory, and leaves your
terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user compiles a simple MACRO program.
@COMPILE (FROM) TRANSL.MAC
MACRO: TRANSL
@
The user combines three FORTRAN programs into one main program
and the entire subroutine package TYPE2.
@COMPILE (FROM) 1+2+3,TYPE2
FORTRAN: 1
MAIN.
FORTRAN: TYPE2
TYPE2
@
The user assmebles a MACRO program, producing a cross-reference
listing.
@COMPILE (FROM) /CREF INIT.MAC+CONTRL.MAC+SUBS.MAC
MACRO: INIT
MACRO: CONTRL
MACRO: SUBS
@
The user compiles his programs, using the arguments in an
indirect file.
@COMPILE (FROM) @TYP.CMD
FORTRAN: 1
MAIN.
FORTRAN: TYPE2
TYPE2
@
File: Exec Node: CONNECT Command, Up: Top
Function
The CONNECT command connects your job to another directory.
Hints
Connecting to a directory gives you the same file access rights
as the directory owner. Whenever you give a command, the system
uses connected directory instead of your logged-in directory.
Format
@CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY) dir (PASSWORD) password
dir is the name of the directory to which you are
connecting. Angle brackets are not required; but
you may use recognition.
password is the password of the directory to which you wish
to connect. The password is not required if you
own the directory. (You own a directory if your
user name is the same as the directory name.)
Operation
1. Type CONN and press the ESC key. The system prints ECT (TO
DIRECTORY).
@CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the directory name and press the
ESC key if you did not use recognition. The system prints
(PASSWORD).
@CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY) BERLITZ (PASSWORD)
3. Type the password belonging to the directory and press the
RETURN key. (If you own the directory, or if you have the
proper group privileges, you do not have to give a password;
just press the RETURN key.) When you are connected to the
directory, the system prints an @ on your terminal.
@CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY) BERLITZ (PASSWORD)
@
Errors
1. If you cannot supply the correct password, the system prints
the message:
?INCORRECT PASSWORD
and terminates the command. You should obtain the correct
password and reissue the command.
2. If you give a non-existent user name, then the system prints
the message:
?NO SUCH DIRECTORY
and cancels the command.
Characteristics
The CONNECT command:
Causes an allocation check for the initially connected
directory and the directory to which you are connecting. If
either directory contains more space than is allowed, the
system prints an error message.
Does not change the contents of memory.
Leaves your terminal at command level.
Examples
The user connects to the directory <INSTRUMENTATION>:
@CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY) INSTRUMENTATION (PASSWORD)
@
The user connects to the directory <SHELDON>. He types CONN,
types SHELDON, leaves a space, types the password, and presses
the RETURN key.
@CONN SHELDON
@
File: Exec Node: CONTINUE Command, Up: Top
Function
The CONTINUE command restores execution of a program that was
interrupted by a CTRL/C. The program is not changed by the
CTRL/C-CONTINUE process as long as you do not alter the contents
of memory.
Hints
When you stop a program by typing one (or, if necessary, two)
CTRL/Cs, the contents of the program counter, accumulators, and
memory are saved. The CONTINUE command uses this information to
resume execution of your program.
Format
@CONTINUE
There are no arguments to the CONTINUE command.
Operation
1. Type CONT and press the ESC key. The system prints INUE.
Press the RETURN key and the program resumes execution.
@CONTINUE
Characteristics
The CONTINUE command continues the program in memory and leaves
your terminal under control of the program.
Restrictions
If a program is to be continued, it must properly handle the
interception of CTRL/C interrupts. Some non-standard programs
may not allow you to CONTINUE an interrupted program.
Examples
The user runs the SORT program. Once it is running, it prints
the message [SRTXPN Expanding to 55P], so the user gives two
CTRL/Cs to stop the program. He gets information about the
contents of memory, then gives the CONTINUE command to let the
program run to completion.
@SORT
*LIST.SRT=LIST.FIL/K:1:6/R:40
[SRTXPN Expanding to 55P]
^C
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) MEMORY-USAGE
79. PAGES, ENTRY VECTOR LOC 1762 LEN 254000
0-2 PRIVATE R, W, E
3-4 SORT.EXE.8 5-6 R, CW, E
5 PRIVATE R, W, E
6-12 SORT.EXE.8 10-14 R, CW, E
13-20 PRIVATE R, W, E
22-41 PRIVATE R, W, E
400-424 SORT.EXE.8 16-42 R, CW, E
700-726 <SUBSYS>PA1050.EXE.354 2-30 R, E
734 PRIVATE R, W, E
735 <SUBSYS>PPN-TO-DIRECTORY-HASH-TABLE.BIN.22 0 R, E
@CONTINUE
Sorted 211 Records
1444 KEY comparisons, 6.84 per record
0 Runs
0:00:02 CPU time, 10.5: MS per record
0:00:51 Elapsed
*
File: Exec Node: COPY Command, Up: Top
Function
The COPY command copies the contents of one or more source files
to one or more destination files.
Hints
Use the wildcard construction in the source file specification to
copy multiple files. For example, the source file specification
*.FOR would copy all the files with the type .FOR to the
destination. The source file specification EXPAND.* would copy
all the files with the file name EXPAND.
When you use the wildcard construction in the source file
specification, carefully select the destination file
specification:
-If you are copying the files from another directory, just
press the ESC key at the beginning of the destination file
specification. The system then copies the files to your area
with the same names, overwriting any files of the same name
and type. The following command copies all the files with the
type .FOR from the directory <MOSLER> and gives them the same
name in your directory.
@COPY (FROM) <MOSLER>*.FOR (TO) *.FOR.-1
-If you are copying the files within your own directory you
probably want to make another copy with a different name or
type. For the destination file specification, use a wildcard
specification. The following command copies al the files with
the type .FIL to files with the same name, but with the type
.LIB.
@COPY (FROM) *.FIL (TO) *.LIB
Format
@COPY (FROM) source (TO) destination
source is a single file specification or a string of file
specifications (separated by commas) that
designate the source file(s). A file
specification has the form:
dev:<dir>name.typ.gen
If you omit dev:, the system uses DSK:. If you
omit <dir> the system uses your connected
directory. The wildcard construction is
permitted.
destination is the destination file specification. If you
press the ESC key at the beginning of this field,
the system defaults to copying the input files to
new files of the same name and type in the
connected directory. The wildcard construction is
permitted. The destination file specification
takes the form:
dev:<dir>name.typ.gen
If you omit dev:, the system uses DSK:. If you
omit <dir>, the system uses your connected
directory. The output name (or a wildcard) is
required. If you omit the type, the system uses
the type of the appropriate source file.
Operation
1. Type COPY and press the RETURN key; the system prints
(FROM).
@COPY (FROM)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the source file specification
and press the ESC key (if you did not use recognition). The
system prints (TO).
@COPY (FROM) LISTFL.ALG.1 (TO)
3. Type (or use recognition on) the destination file
specification; then press the RETURN key. If you want the
default of creating a new file of the same name and type as
the source file specification, just press the RETURN key. If
you are copying multiple source files, the system prints each
source file specification, the symbol => and the destination
file specification to which it is copied.
@COPY (FROM) LISTFL.ALG.1 (TO) NEWPRG.ALG
@
Characteristics
The COPY command does not destroy the previous contents of memory
and leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
You may use the COPY command to transfer files to the line
printer and magnetic tape, but refer to the additional features
the PRINT command and the DUMPER program provide in addition to
copying.
Examples
The user copies a file from the user <PORADA>.
@COPY (FROM) <PORADA>LETTER.CBL.1 (TO) LETTER.CBL.1 [NEW FILE]
@
The user copies all the files with the file type .FOR from the
directory <MOSLER> to his own directory.
@COPY (FROM) <MOSLER>*.FOR (TO) *.FOR.-1
<MOSLER>ADDTWO.FOR.2 => ADDTWO.FOR.1 [OK]
<MOSLER>CUBIT.FOR.1 => CUBIT.FOR.1 [OK]
<MOSLER>GRADES.FOR.1 => GRADES.FOR.1 [OK]
<MOSLER>NETFLO.FOR.3 => NETFLO.FOR.1 [OK]
<MOSLER>PLAYER.FOR.31 => PLAYER.FOR.1 [OK]
<MOSLER>T.FOR.1 => T.FOR.1 [OK]
<MOSLER>TEST.FOR.2 => TEST.FOR.1 [OK]
@
The user makes an additional copy of all his files with the file
type .FIL, giving them the same name, but with the file type
.LIB.
@COPY (FROM) *.FIL (TO) *.LIB
FOO.FIL.1 => FOO.LIB.1 [OK]
LIST.FIL.1 => LIST.LIB.1 [OK]
LOC.FIL.1 => LOC.LIB.1 [OK]
REMEM.FIL.1 => REMEM.LIB.1 [OK]
RUN3.FIL.1 => RUN3.LIB.1 [OK]
SYMBOL.FIL.1 => SYMBOL.LIB.1 [OK]
@
File: Exec Node: CREATE Command, Up: Top
Function
The CREATE command lets you create a file using the EDIT
program. In general you are better off using EMACS to create
the file, but the documentation on using EDIT is provided anyway.
Special Cases
The CREATE command always starts EDIT as long as you give a legal
file specification as an argument. If you give just a file
name and type, the system creates a new generation of that
file. If you give a file name, type and existing generation
number, EDIT sets the output file generation number to one
higher than the highest existing generation number, even though
it prints the generation number you gave.
If you do not give any arguments to the CREATE command, the
system uses the arguments you gave in the last CREATE or EDIT
command. If you have not given a CREATE or EDIT command since
you have logged-in, the system cannot recall any
arguments and prints the message: ?NO SAVED ARGUMENTS.
Hints
You shouldn't be using the EDIT program anyway.
*Note EMACS: (EMACS), for documentation on EMACS.
Refer to the description of the EDIT program for a
list of all the EDIT commands.
You may give any EDIT command switch as a command to the EDIT
program.
Format
@CREATE /switches (FILE) input
/switches is any combination of switches listed in Table n.
You may use recognition on the switch name and
switch value.
input specifies the file you want to change or create.
If the file
exists, the system recognizes the highest generation;
if the file does not exist, the system
allows you to create the file.
Table n
CREATE Command Switches
This table list many of the switches you can give with the CREATE
command. Refer to the EDIT User's Guide for a complete list.
/C128
Starts EDIT in 128-character mode which allows you to enter
special control characters. Refer to the EDIT User's Guide.
Normally, EDIT starts in 64-character mode.
/DPY
Enters display mode where unwanted lines are overprinted by
output to make the output more concise on a video terminal
screen. Otherwise, EDIT starts in Model 33 (normal
terminal) mode.
/EXPERT
Starts expert mode which allows more powerful commands and
abbreviates error messages. Otherwise, EDIT starts in
standard novice mode.
/INCREMENT:n
Uses the specified increment when assigning numbers to an
unsequenced file. The numbering starts at the value of the
START parameter (the default value is 100) and assigns line
numbers by adding the specified increment. If you do not
specify an increment, the system uses 100.
/ISAVE:n
Starts ISAVE mode that automatically gives a
B (backup) command every time you insert n lines. You must
give a value for n.
/NOBAK
Inhibits EDIT from creating backup files with the file type
.Qyp. Instead, EDIT creates a new generation of the file.
If you give the /NOBAK switch,
you should change your GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT for this
file to a number greater than one.
/OLD
Makes a backup file with the file type .Zyp if no other one
with this file name and type exists in your connected
directory. Even though you may give another /OLD switch
with an EDIT or CREATE command, this file is
never overwritten unless you delete it with a
DELETE command.
/READONLY
Starts EDIT in readonly mode where you are not allowed to
make any changes to the file. When you start EDIT, the
system prints Read: instead of Edit: or Input. You may give
any EDIT command that does not change the file.
/SAVE:n
Starts SAVE mode which automatically gives a B command every
time you give n EDIT commands. You must give a value for n.
/START:n
Starts numbering an unsequenced file at the number n. If
you do not give a /START switch, EDIT uses a value of 100.
To produce each succeeding line number, EDIT uses the value
of the /INCREMENT switch.
/UNSEQUENCE
Removes line numbers from the output file.
Operation
If you do not want to give switches--
1. Type CREATE and press the ESC key; the system
prints (FILE).
@CREATE (FILE)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the input file specification;
then press the RETURN key. The system prints a message and
leaves you at EDIT input level.
@CREATE (FILE) TEST.FOR.1
Input: TEST.FOR.1
00100
If you want to give switches --
1. Type (or use CTRL/F recognition on)
the letters CREATE.
@CREATE
2. type a slash and type (or use CTRL/F recognition on) the
switch name. If the switch has a value, type a colon
followed by the value. You may use recognize the switch by
pressing the ESC key, but the system will terminate the
switch field and proceed to the
input file field.
@CREATE /INCREMENT:10
CTRL/F
@EDIT /UNSEQUENCE (FILE)
ESC
3. Type (or use recognition on) as many switches as you need,
then press the ESC key and type (or use recognition on) the
input file specification and press the RETURN key. The
system prints a message and leaves you at EDIT input level.
ESC
@CREATE /INCREMENT:10/EXPERT (FILE) NEWFIL.CPL
Input: NEWFIL.CPL.1
Characteristics
The CREATE command starts the EDIT program, thereby destroying
the previous contents of memory. Your terminal is left at EDIT
input level.
Restrictions
If you are using the automatic feature of the EDIT and CREATE
commands, do not give a generation number in your initial
CREATE or EDIT command or else subsequent commands will try to
use that exact generation rather than the highest existing
generation for that file. That is, give the command:
@CREATE (FILE) T.FIL
rather than:
@CREATE (FILE) T.FIL.1
In the latter case, the output file is T.FIL.1 If you give
the EDIT command without any arguments, EDIT will start you in
the file T.FIL.1 with the output file T.FIL.2. When you give a
second EDIT command, EDIT will start you in the file T.FIL.1,
and you will not see the edits you made in the first pass.
Examples
The user creates a new file.
@CREATE (FILE) NUMBER.DAT
Input: NUMBER.DAT.1
00100
The user creates a file, setting the SAVE parameter to give a B
command after every 5 EDIT commands and the ISAVE parameter to
give a B command every 10 inserts.
@CREATE /SAVE:5/ISAVE:10 (FILE) CRISCR.ALG.1
Input: CRISCR.ALG.1
00100
The user starts EDIT in DPY mode and unsequences his output
file. There is already an existing generation number 5 of this
file, so EDIT uses generation number 6.
@CREATE /DPY/UNSEQUENCE (FILE) NXTVER.MAC
Input: NXTVER.MAC.6
00100
File: Exec Node: CREF Command, Up: Top
Function
The CREF command searches your connected directory for any files
with the type .CRF, produces a cross-reference listing from these
files, sends the output to the line printer, and deletes the
files with the type .CRF.
Hints
To create a listing of your program, first give a LOAD-class
command with the /CREF switch, then give the CREF command. A
cross-reference listing contains your source program plus a list
of all the symbols in the program and the locations that
reference them.
If you want the cross-referenced listing in a file, define the
logical name LPT: as a file specification. Then give the CREF
command; afterwards remember to remove the logical name
definition. Caution: should you get an error, the system may
print an asterisk on your terminal. Type two CTRL/Cs to get back
to command level.
Format
@CREF
There are no arguments to the CREF command.
Operation
1. Type CREF and press the RETURN key. The system prints the
word CREF: and the name of each file it processes.
@CREF
CREF: GRADES
@
Characteristics
The CREF command runs the CREF program to produce the listing,
thereby destroying the contents of memory, and leaves your
terminal in EXEC. If there are no files with
the file type .CRF, the system prints an asterisk and leaves your
terminal at CREF command level. Type a CTRL/C to return to
EXEC.
Examples
The user produces a cross-referenced listing.
@CREF
CREF: TMAC
@
The user wants to examine the cross-referenced listing file, so
he defines the logical name LPT: as a file; then he gives the
CREF command. Afterwards, he may examine the file. Do not
forget to deassign the logical name after such an operation.
@DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) LPT: (AS) GRADES.OUT
@CREF
CREF: GRADES
@DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) LPT:
@TYPE (FILE) GRADES.OUT
LGRADES MACRO %51 (414) 18:42 16-JAN-76 PAGE 1
.
.
.
@
File: Exec Node: DAYTIME Command, Up: Top
Function
The DAYTIME command prints the day, date, and time on your
terminal.
Format
@DAYTIME
There are no arguments to the DAYTIME command.
Operation
1. Type DA and press the ESC key; the system prints YTIME.
@DAYTIME
2. Press the RETURN key; the system prints the day, date and
time.
@DAYTIME
FRIDAY, JANUARY 16, 1976 9:10:06
@
Characteristics
The DAYTIME command;
Does not require you to be logged-in to the system.
Does not change the contents of memory.
Leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Example
The user finds the day date and time.
@DAYTIME
FRIDAY, JANUARY 16, 1976 9:11:05
@
File: Exec Node: DDT Command, Up: Top
Function
The DDT command starts the debugger you have loaded into memory
along with your program.
Special Cases
If you do not have a debugger in memory, the system loads and
starts DDT.
Hints
The DDT command is useful when you want to halt a program by
typing two CTRL/Cs, then continue running the debugger.
To find out if you have a debugger loaded, examine memory
location 74. If location 74 is empty, the system will use DDT.
Format
@DDT
There are no arguments to the DDT command.
Operation
1. Type DDT and press the RETURN key; the system starts the
debugger, or loads and starts DDT.
@DDT
ENTERING FORDDT
>>
Characteristics
The DDT command merges DDT into memory (if required) and leaves
your terminal at command level in your debugging program.
Examples
The user starts his debugging program.
@DDT !The user types the DDT command.
STARTING COBOL DDT !COBDDT is loaded, so the
!system starts it.
* !Once the asterisk is printed,
!the user can give any COBDDT
!command.
The user wants to debug his program; he has no debugger loaded,
so the system loads and starts DDT.
@DDT !The user types the DDT command.
DDT !The system loads and starts
!DDT.
The user starts debugging his FORTRAN program.
@DDT !The user types the DDT command.
ENTERING FORDDT !FORDDT is loaded, so the
!system starts it.
>> !Once the system prints >>,
!the user can give any FORDDT
!command.
File: Exec Node: DDT Program, Up: Top
Function
The DDT program helps you debug your program by providing
commands which control the execution of a program, without
reassembling or recompiling the source program.
Hints
To use DDT, you must first load your object program into memory,
then transfer control to DDT. There are three ways of doing
this. The first method entails giving the DEBUG command which
produces an up-to-date object program, loads it into memory, then
starts DDT. (Remember to give the /DDT switch if your file type
is other than .ALG, .FAI, .MAC, or .SAI.).
@DEBUG (FROM) TEST.MAC
MACRO: TEST
LINK: LOADING
[LNKDEB DDT EXECUTION]
DDT
The second method entails loading an object program into memory,
then giving the DDT command.
@LOAD (FROM) TEST.MAC
LINK: LOADING
EXIT
@DDT
DDT
The third method entails placing an EXE file in memory, then
giving the DDT command.
@GET (PROGRAM) TEST.EXE
@DDT
DDT
In all cases, once the system prints DDT and leaves two blank
lines, you may give any DDT command.
Operation
The following pages contain a brief description of how to use
DDT. You may give any of these commands after you have loaded
your program with DDT using one of the methods described in the
previous paragraph.
Opening The Symbol Table - name$:
To open the symbol table of the program or module you are
debugging, type the name, press the ESC key and type a colon. If
DDT can find the symbol table, the system prints a tab; if it
cannot find the symbol table, it prints a U. This should be the
first DDT command you give.
TRANSL$:
The name is the name following the TITLE statement in a MACRO
program or a FORTRAN SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION statement.
Examining Storage Words - location/ , <TAB>, <LF>, ^, =
To print the contents of a location in memory, type the location
and a slash. The system prints the contents preceded and
followed by tabs. A variable location may be a symbol name such
as PNTUSR (. is an abbreviation for the current position), a
symbol name and an offset such as PNTUSR 5 (the offset is an
octal number), or an octal value such as 453.
PNTUSR/ MOVE 1,6
?
If the system prints a question mark, it
cannot find the symbol name. Try
opening the symbol table.
If you want to examine the contents of the address part (right
half) of an instruction, press the TAB key. The system prints
the contents of that location and it becomes your current
location.
INFIL/ HRROI T1,MESAGE <TAB>
MESAGE/ 64252,,252634
To examine the next location, press the LINEFEED key:
MESAGE/ 64252,,252634 <LF>
MESAGE+1/ 65242,,115622
To examine the previous location, type an up-arrow:
MESAGE+1/65242,,115622 ^
MESAGE/ 64252,,252634
To print the octal half-words corresponding to the current
symbolic instruction, type an equals sign:
INFIL/ HRROI T1,MESAGE =561040,,640
Changing Typeout Modes - $$C, $$F, $$T, $$nO, $$S
You may change the typeout mode to print numeric constants ($$C),
floating-point numbers ($$F), ASCII text ($$T), SIXBIT text
($$6T), and n-bit bytes ($$nO). DDT originally prints the
symbolic instruction associated with each memory location you
examine. If you change the typeout mode, you can return to this
initial state by type $$T ($ means press the ESC key, not type a
dollar-sign). The $$C command prints numbers in the current
radix; if you want to change the current radix, type $$nR where
n is the radix you want.
$$C USRFLG/ 600000
$$10R USRFLG/ 196608.
$$F STRSWT/ 45.599999
$$T PRMPT/ .SPAC
$$6T P6BIT/ .HL 4
$$70 PRMPT/ 56,123,120,101,103,0
$$S RTRANS+23/ PUSHJ P,MESOUT
Modifying Storage Words
Once you have examined a storage word, you may change its
contents by typing its new contents followed by pressing the
RETURN key.
To enter Type
An octal number - 23 The octal number -23
A decimal number - 109 The decimal number, followed
by a decimal point - 109
Floating point number - The floating point number in
.0078 E- notation - 7.8E-3
ASCII text - HI THERE a double quote, a delimiter,
the text, the same delimiter -
"/HI THERE/. The delimiter
may be any character not in
the text.
An instruction - The instruction - MOVEI T2,4
MOVEI T2,4
Setting And Removing Breakpoints - location$B, $nB/ , 0$nB
Once you have started your program, you may want to stop at a
particular location. To do this, set a breakpoint at that
location by typing the location, pressing the ESC key and typing
a B. The system prints a tab when the breakpoint is set.
TRANSL+34$B
Whenever, during execution, your program encounters an
instruction where you have set a breakpoint, the system prints
the number of the breakpoint, two greater-than signs and the
location. The system has not executed the instruction containing
the breakpoint. To proceed from the breakpoint, type $P.
$1B>>TRANSL+34 $P
While at a breakpoint, you may examine storage words, set and
remove breakpoints, and change the contents of memory.
Each time you assign a breakpoint, the system assigns it a
number. You can find out what location each breakpoint is set at
by pressing the ESC key, typing the number of the breakpoint,
typing a B and pressing the slash key.
$1B/ TRANSL+34
To remove a breakpoint, press the ESC key, type the number of the
breakpoint and type a B.
Controlling Execution - $$G, $X, $$X, $P, n$P
To start your program, press the ESC key twice and type a G. DDT
starts your program and its execution continues until it has a
fatal error, the program terminates, or until it reaches a
breakpoint instruction.
$$G
INPUT FILE: TEST1.FIL, Up: Top
$1B>>TRANSL+34
To continue from a breakpoint, press the ESC key and type a P.
Execution resumes until the program finishes, irrecoverably
errors, or reaches a breakpoint. If you want to procede through
the breakpoint a number of times and stop the nth time the
breakpoint is encountered, type n$P instead of just $P.
$1B>>TRANSL+34 5$P
OUTPUT FILE: TEST2.DAT, Up: Top
$3B>>DATA5
To proceed through your program statement-by statement, press the
ESC key and type an X. The system executes the instruction,
prints the results of the instruction and prints the contents fo
the next instruction to be executed and stops.
$3B>>DATA5 ./ PUSHJ P,PUTCHR $X
<JMP>
GETCHR/ MOVE GETPNT
To proceed through an entire subroutine, press the ESC key twice
and type an X.
$3B>>DATA5 $$X
DATA5+1/ CAIN C,N
Leaving DDT - CTRL/C, CTRL/Z
To halt the debugging session, type a CTRL/C to return to command
level. You may continue DDT by giving the CONTINUE command.
If your terminal has assigned CTRL/C interrupt to or if you want
to save your program with breakpoints, type a CTRL/Z.
If you want to save your program with the modifications you have
made, give the system command SAVE.
Characteristics
After you start DDT, your terminal is at DDT command level. Type
a CTRL/C or CTRL/Z to return EXEC.
Examples
The user debugs a MACRO program.
@LOAD (FROM) FILEIO.MAC !Load the program into memory
MACRO: FILEIO
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@SAVE !Save it for reference
FILEIO.EXE.1 SAVED
@DDT !Start DDT
DDT
FILEIO$: !Open the symbol table
OUTFIL$B LOOP$B DONE$B !Set breakpoints at the
labels OUTFIL, LOOP, and DONE
$$G !Start the program
INPUT FILE: T.FIL !Type the input file name, Up: Top
$1B>>OUTFIL !Execution stops at the first
breakpoint you hit
./ HRROI 1,ZAP+12 !Examine this location, it
contains an instruction
<TAB> !Press the TAB key to look at
the location ZAP+12
ZAP+12/ 64251,,752650 !It must contain text
$$T !Tell DDT to print ASCII
characters
./ !Check this location again
OUT <LF> !IT contains a new line and OUT
Examine the next location by
pressing the LF key
ZAP+13/ PUT F <LF> !And the following location
ZAP+14/ ILE:
OUTFIL/ \"R@ !Look at the contents of OUTFIL
$$S !But change to symbolic
instruction printout
./ HRROI 1,ZAP+12 !And look again
$P !Let the program continue
execution
OUTPUT FILE: O.FIL !Type the output file, Up: Top
$2B>>LOOP !Execution stops at the next
breakpoint
$X !Execute the instruction at the
current location - the system
1/ 5 INJFN/ 5 prints the results
LOOP+1/ BIN $X !Execute this instruction
LOOP+2/ JUMPE 2,DONE =322100,,203 !Print the contents
of this location in octal
numbers
$X !Then execute the instruction
2/ 15 DONE
LOOP+3/ MOVE 1,OUTJFN $X
1/ 6 OUTJFN/ 6
LOOP+4/ BOUT
$1B/ OUTFIL !Find the location of the first
breakpoint
$2B/ LOOP !And the location of the second
0$2B !Remove the breakpoint at LOOP
$P !And continue execution
$3B>>DONE !Execution stops at the last
breakpoint
JRST CLOSIF$X !Execute this instruction and
continue
[DONE]
@
File: Exec Node: DEASSIGN Command, Up: Top
Function
The DEASSIGN command returns a device you previously assigned
back to the pool of available devices.
Hints
When you are finished using a device, you should DEASSIGN the
device so that it may be accessed by other users.
Format
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE) dev:
dev: is the device name of the device that you want to
deassign. The colon is optional. The standard
I/O devices and their device names are listed in
the table below.
Device Device Name
Magnetic tape MTAn:
User's terminal TTY:
Other terminals TTYn:
Line printer LPT:
Card reader CDR:
Pseudo-terminal PTYn:
n is a number that specifies the particular
device, when more than one of a generic type are
available. For example, MTA1: specifies the
magnetic tape drive labeled 1.
Operation
1. Type DEAS and press the ESC key; the system prints SIGN
(DEVICE).
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE)
2. Type the name of the device that you want to deassign.
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA2:
3. Press the RETURN key. When the device is deassigned, the
system prints an @ on your terminal.
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA2:
@
Errors
1. If you have not previously assigned the device to your job,
the system prints the message:
?dev: NOT ASSIGNED
then cancels the command.
Characteristics
The DEASSIGN command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
You must type a device name in the DEASSIGN command; if you do
not give the device name, no default action is taken.
Examples
The user deassigns magnetic tape unit number 3:
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA3:
@
File: Exec Node: DEBUG Command, Up: Top
Function
The DEBUG command loads a program and a debugger into memory,
then starts the debugger.
Special Cases
If you give only LOAD-command switches as arguments to a DEBUG
command, the system appends the arguments you gave in the last
LOAD-class command which contained a file specification or LINK
switch, then executes the command. If there are no arguments to
recall, the system prints the message ?NO SAVED ARGUMENTS.
If you type the name of the source files used to produce the
desired object file(s), the system will update the object file if
it is older than any one of the corresponding source files.
Suppose you give the command:
@DEBUG (FROM) NXTLAT.FOR
If NXTLAT.REL does not exist, or if it is older than the most
recent NXTLAT.FOR (i.e., it has a write date before the write
date of NXTLAT.FOR), then the system compiles NSTLAT.FOR to
produce an up-to-date NXTLAT.REL. After producing NSTLAT.REL,
the system loads it into memory.
Format
@DEBUG (FROM) sources object,sources object,...
sources is one or more source file specifications preceded
and/or followed by switches. You must separate
the source files with plus signs. No spaces or
tabs are allowed. If you do not give a file type
in a file specification, the system looks for a
source file with one of the standard types listed
in Table n. If there is more than one file with a
standard file type, the system uses .FOR.
a space separates the source file specifications from the
object file specification. If you do not give an
object file specification, you do not have to
leave a space.
object is an object file specification. If you do not
give an object file specification, the system uses
the name of the last file in the corresponding
sources and the type .REL.
@name.typ You may store any portion of the command in a
file. That portion of the command is included -
just as if you typed it on your terminal -
whenever you type an @ followed by the name of the
file. You may use recognition in typing the file
specification, but the commands within the file
may not use recognition.
Table n
Standard File Types
Type Language
.ALG ALGOL
.CBL COBOL
.FAI FAIL
.FOR FORTRAN (default)
.MAC MACRO
.SAI SAIL
.SNO SNOBOL
Table n
DEBUG Command Switches
You may use recognition to help you type a switch and any file
specification which is an argument to a switch. If you place a
switch before a set of sources, the switch applies to all the
files in that set of sources; if you place a switch after a file
specification in a set of sources, the switch applies to just
that file.
Switch Function
/ALGOL
(or a file with the type .ALG) Compiles the file using
ALGOL, then loads the DDT debugging program.
/BINARY
Generates a binary file for each set of source file
specifications. Normally, the system generates these binary
files, so this switch is useful in reversing a global
/NOBINARY switch.
/COBOL
(or a file with the type .CBL) Compiles the file using
COBOL, then loads the COBDDT debugging program.
/COMPILE
(or an object file older than any one of the corresponding
source files) Produces an object file from the sources,
regardless of whether it is up-to-date or not. The
/NOCOMPILE switch causes the system to produce an object
file only if it is out-of-date; the /RELOCATABLE switch
causes the system to use an existing object file, regardless
of its date. Normally, the system assumes the action of the
/NOCOMPILE switch.
/CREF
Produces a cross-reference listing file for each file that
is compiled or assembled. The name of the output file is
the name of the last source file and the type is .CRF. You
can then give the CREF command to produce a listing.
/DDT
Loads the DDT debugging program.
/DEBUG
Includes debugging information in the object program.
(FORTRAN only).
/FAIL
(or a file with the type .FAI) Assembles the file with FAIL,
then loads the DDT debugging program.
/FORTRAN
(or a file with the type .FOR or a non-standard type)
Compiles the file using FORTRAN, then loads the FORDDT
debugging program.
/LIBRARY
Loads the file only if one or more of its declared entry
symbols satisfies an undefined global request in the source
file. The system libraries are always searched.
/LIST
Generates a disk listing file for each file that is compiled
or assembled. Give the PRINT command if you want a line
printer copy of the file. The listing file name is the name
of the last source file and the type is .LST. Unless you
specify this switch, the system does not generate a listing
file. If you also specify the /CREF switch, the system
produces only the cross-reference listing file.
/MACRO
(or a file with the type .MAC) Assembles the file using
MACRO, then loads the DDT debugging program.
/MAP:name.typ
Produces loader maps during the loading process and stores
them in the file name.typ. If you do not give a file name
and type, the system uses nnnLNK.MAP, where nnn is your job
number. The /MAP switch applies to the entire command, not
to just one file. You may use recognition input in typing
the file specification.
/NOBINARY
Inhibits the generation of an object file. This switch is
useful along with the /CREF or /LIST switch to produce
listings without additionally producing an object file.
/NOCOMPILE
Compiles a file only if it is out-of-date. Since the system
normally does this, the /NOCOMPILE switch is useful for
turning off a global /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE switch.
/NODEBUG
Omits loading a debugger with the program.
/NOLIST
Inhibits the generation of a listing file. Normally, the
system does not generate a listing file.
/NOOPTIMIZE
Inhibits the generation of optimized object files.
/NOSEARCH
Loads all routines in a file, regardless of whether the
routines are referenced or not. This action is the default,
therefore it is useful in turning off the /SEARCH switch.
/NOSYMBOLS
Inhibits loading symbols with the program. Normally, the
system loads symbols with all programs.
/OPTIMIZE
Produces optimized object files.
/RELOCATABLE
Uses the existing object files, even though they may be
out-of-date. The /COMPILE switch causes the system to
always produce an object file; the /NOCOMPILE switch causes
the system to produce an object file only if the current one
does not exist or is out-of-date. Normally, the system
assumes the action of the /NOCOMPILE switch.
/SAIL
(or a file with the type .SAI) Assembles the file using
SAIL, then loads the DDT debugging program.
/SEARCH
Is identical to the /LIBRARY switch.
/SNOBOL
(or a file with the type .SNO) Translates the file with
SNOBOL.
/SYMBOLS
Loads the program with its appropriate symbol table.
Normally, the system loads all programs with symbols.
Operation
1. Type DEBU and press the ESC key; the system prints G (FROM).
@DEBUG (FROM)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the sets of source
specifications and object specifications. Press the RETURN
key. The system loads the file and starts the debugger.
@DEBUG (FROM) TEST.FOR
FORTRAN: TEST
LINK: LOADING
[LNKDEB FORDDT EXECUTION]
ENTERING FORDDT
>>
Errors
1. If you give a command and one of the source files is missing,
the system continues processing the command and prints the
message:
%SOURCE FILE MISSING - name.typ
where name.typ is the name and type of the source file.
Characteristics
The DEBUG command minimally runs the LINK program, thereby
destroying the contents of memory, and leaves your terminal at
command level in your debugging program.
Examples
The user debugs a simple MACRO program.
@DEBUG (FROM) TRANSL.MAC
MACRO: TRANSL
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB DDT Execution]
DDT
The user combines three FORTRAN programs into one main program
and includes the entire subroutine package TYPE2.
@DEBUG (FROM) 1+2+3,TYPE2
FORTRAN: 1
MAIN.
FORTRAN: TYPE2
TYPE2
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB FORDDT Execution]
ENTERING FORDDT
>>
The user debugs his COBOL program.
@DEBUG (FROM) COMPUT.CBL
COBOL: MAIN [COMPUT.CBL]
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB COBDDT Execution]
STARTING COBOL DDT
*
File: Exec Node: DEFINE Command, Up: Top
Function
The DEFINE command defines or removes logical name assignments.
Hints
A logical name is an abbreviation you may assign to a file
specification.
To print a list of your current logical names and their
definitions, give the command INFORMATION (ABOUT) LOGICAL-NAMES.
Format
@DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) logname: (AS) filespecs
logname: is the logical name comprised of up to 39
alphanumeric characters (including hyphen). The
colon is optional.
filespecs is a list of file specifications (separated by
commas) that define the logical name. A file
specification may contain any combination of a
device name, directory, file name, file type,
generation number, and wildcards. If you are
removing a logical name, do not type a list of
file specifications.
Operation
1. Type DEFI and press the ESC key; the system prints NE
(LOGICAL NAME).
@DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME)
2. Type the logical name (the colon is optional). If you are
defining the logical name, press the ESC key and the system
prints (AS). If you are removing the logical name, press the
RETURN key.
@DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) LIB: (AS)
3. Type (you may not use recognition) the file specification(s)
that define the logical name, then press the RETURN key. The
system prints an @.
@DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) LIB: (AS) <MILLER>,<BOSACK>
Errors
1. If you try to remove a non-existent logical name, the system
prints the message:
?NO SUCH LOGICAL NAME
Characteristics
The DEFINE command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user defines the logical name TEL: as the directories
<FORTRAN-LIBRARY> and <COBOL-LIBRARY>.
@DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) LIB: (AS) <FORTRAN-LIBRARY>,<COBOL-LIBRA
RY>
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) LOGICAL-NAMES
LIB => <FORTRAN-LIBRARY>,<COBOL-LIBRARY>
@
The user removes the logical name TBL: which he defined in the
previous example.
@DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) LIB:
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) LOGICAL-NAMES
@
File: Exec Node: DELETE Command, Up: Top
Function
The DELETE command identifies a disk file(s) for eventual
deletion.
Hint
Once you delete a disk file, it is kept on disk storage until
either you (or the operator) give an EXPUNGE command, or until
you log off the system. If you want to see what files you have
deleted, but not expunged, give the DIRECTORY command with the
DELETEd subcommand.
Between the time when you give the DELETE command and the time
when the file is expunged, you canot access the file in any way
except by giving an UNDELETE command, a DIRECTORY command (with
the deleted subcommand), or an EXPUNGE command.
If you want to restore a deleted file, give the UNDELETE command.
Format
@DELETE (FILES) filespecs
filespecs is a single file specification or a string of file
specifications (separated by commas) that indicate
the files to be DELETEd. A file specification has
the form:
<dir>name.typ.gen
If you omit <dir>, the system uses your connected
directory. You must give a file name. You may
use the wild card construction.
Operation
1. Type DELE and press the ESC key; the system prints TE
(FILES).
@DELETE (FILES)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specification(s)
(separated by commas) that you want to delete; then press
the RETURN key. As the system starts to delete each file, it
prints the file specification and leaves a space. When the
file is deleted, the system prints the success message [OK].
@DELETE (FILES) ADDTWO.REL.3
ADDTWO.REL [OK]
@
Characteristics
The DELETE command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user deletes the file TEST.FIL:
@DELETE (FILES) TEST.FIL
TEST.FIL.2 [OK]
@
The user deletes all the files with the extension .QOR:
@DELETE (FILES) *.QOR
ADDEM.QOR.2 [OK]
RESULT.QOR.1 [OK]
TEST.QOR.1 [OK]
ZEROS.QOR.5 [OK]
@
File: Exec Node: DIRECTORY Command, Up: Top
Function
The DIRECTORY command prints information about a file or group of
files.
Hints
Normally for each file in your connected directory, the DIRECTORY
command prints the file name, type, and generation number. You
can give subcommands to also do the following:
1. Order the files chronologically by the date of creation,
read, or write (CHRONOLOGICAL).
2. Compress the output (CRAM).
3. Print information about deleted files (DELETED).
4. Print all the information about a file (EVERYTHING).
5. Print the length (in bytes) of the files, and also the byte
size (LENGTH).
6. Omit the heading (NO HEADING).
7. Write the results of the command to another destination
(OUTPUT).
8. Print the protection codes of the files (PROTECTION).
9. Reverse the order in which the files are printed (REVERSE).
10. Print the size (in pages) of each file.
11. Print the times and dates of creation, read, or write.
For convenience, there are three additional directory-type
commands:
FDIRECTORY (for Full DIRECTORY) has the same format, but
automatically prints everything about the files, without any
headings, and compresses the output. It is the same as
giving the DIRECTORY command with the CRAM (output),
EVERYTHING, and NO HEADING subcommands.
TDIRECTORY (for Time-ordered DIRECTORY) has the same format, but
orders the files with the most recent write dates first and
prints the write times and dates. It is the same as giving
the DIRECTORY command with the CHRONOLOGICAL (BY) WRITE,
REVERSE (SORTING) and TIMES (AND DATES OF) WRITE subcommands.
VDIRECTORY (for Verbose DIRECTORY) has the same format, but
automatically prints the protection, size, length, and write
time and date for each file. No headings are printed. It is
the same as giving the DIRECTORY command with the PROTECTION,
SIZE, LENGTH (IN BYTES), TIMES (AND DATES OF) WRITE, and NO
HEADING subcommands.
By giving the proper file specification(s), you can obtain
information about a single file, a group of files, or files
in another directory.
Format
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES) <dir> name.typ.gen, filespecs
dir is the name of the directory which contains the
files about which you are obtaining the
information. If you omit the directory name, the
system uses your connected directory. You may use
the wildcard construction in specifying the
directory name. If you type just a directory
name, all the files in that directory are
described.
name.typ.gen is the file name, type, and generation number of
the file. If the type is omitted, all the files
with the given name are described. You may use
the wildcard construction in specifying the name
or type.
Additional file specifications may be included by separating the
file specifications with commas.
Subcommands
The subcommands of the DIRECTORY command request additional
information, modify the printing format, or change the
destination of the results.
@@CHRONOLOGICAL (BY) date
Lists the files in the order of ascending dates (i.e., the
oldest date is first and the most recent date is last).
date may be CREATION, READ, or WRITE. CREATION uses the
date the files were created; READ uses the date the
files were last read; and WRITE uses the date the
files were last changed.
@@CRAM (OUTPUT)
Compresses the output into the least space possible for fast
printing; however it is also more difficult to read and no
headings are included.
@@DELETED (FILES ONLY)
Prints information only for deleted files that have not yet
been expunged or eliminated by a system backup operation.
@@EVERYTHING
Prints all the information about the files. This includes
the file name, type, generation number, protection code,
account, length (in bytes), byte size, file retention count,
creation date and time, write date and time, read date and
time, creator and most recent writer.
@@LENGTH (IN BYTES)
Prints the length of the file (in bytes) and the associated
byte size (in parenthesis).
@@NO HEADING
Stops the printing of any headings.
@@OUTPUT (TO FILE)
Sends the output to a destination other than your terminal.
dev:name.typ.gen is a single file specification that tells
the system where to send the directory
information. If you omit dev:, the system
uses DSK:. If you omit the name, the system
uses DIR. If you omit the type, the system
uses DIR.
@@PROTECTION
Prints the protection code of the files.
@@REVERSE (SORTING)
Orders the files in reverse. Thus, to obtain a list of your
most recent files, give the subcommands @@CHRONOLOGICAL (BY)
WRITE and @@REVERSE (SORTING).
@@SIZE
Prints the size of the files in pages; a page contains 512
36-bit words.
@@TIMES (AND DATES OF) date
Prints the most recent CREATION, READ, or WRITE data for the
files.
Operation
1. Type DIRE and press the ESC key; the system prints CTORY (OF
FILES).
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES)
2. Type the list of file specifications, separated by commas.
Press the RETURN key and the system prints the directory
information. If you want to give one or more subcommands, do
not press the RETURN key; proceed to step 3.
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES)
<LUSE>
EDIT.CTL.2
.LAST.2
.MAC.2
SNOOP.HLP.1
WATCH.MAC.1
@TOTAL OF 5 FILES
@
3. To give subcommands, type a comma; then press the RETURN
key. The system prints @@.
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *.MAC,
@@
4. Type each subcommand; press the RETURN key after each; then
press the RETURN key once again after you are finished.
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *.MAC,
@@TIMES (AND DATES OF) WRITE
@@
<LUSE>
WRITE
EDIT.MAC.2 16-JAN-76 03:06:36
WATCH.MAC.1 15-JAN-76 01:16:14
TOTAL OF 2 FILES
@
Output
The system lists the files in alphabetical order, unless you
change this action by giving the REVERSE or CHRONOLOGICAL
subcommands. If two files have the same file name, only the type
and generation number for each succeeding file after the first
are printed. The period before the type is indented three
spaces. If temporary files exist, a ;T is printed after the
generation number.
Characteristics
The DIRECTORY command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user obtains a list of all his files with the type .MAC.
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *.MAC
<LUSE>
EDIT.MAC.2
WATCH.MAC.1
TOTAL OF 2 FILES
@
The user obtains a directory listing and stores it in the file
1-16.DIR.
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES) ,
@@OUTPUT (TO FILES) 1-16.DIR.1 [New file]
@@
@
The user obtains a list of his deleted (but not expunged) files.
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES) ,
@@DELETED (FILES ONLY)
@@
<MANUALS>
020EDI.TEM.1
.TMP.1
CHANGE.XEC.2
TOTAL OF 3 FILES
@
File: Exec Node: DUMPER Program, Up: Top
Function
The DUMPER program transfers one or more files between disk and
magnetic tape.
Hints
Before starting DUMPER, set the proper magnetic tape defaults
with the system command SET TAPE.
Before restoring files, be sure to read the description of the
RESTORE command.
Refer to the examples for cookbook methods which save and restore
files.
Format
@DUMPER
DUMPER 25-DEC-75
DUMPER> command arguments
command is a DUMPER action-command, tape-positioning
command, or status-command. Table n contains a
list of the DUMPER commands, grouped by function.
arguments is a file specification, date, density, parity,
drive number, number, or save-set name, depending
on the command.
dates are in the form day-month-year.
Type January 16, 1975 as 16-JAN-75.
times are in 24-hour format (nn:mm:ss),
or in AM, PM form. Thus 9:23 in
the evening is either 21:23, or
9:23 PM.
filespecs
sources
destination are in the form
dev:<dir>name.typ.gen. The * and %
wildcard characters are permitted.
Separate multiple sources file
specifications with commas.
save-set name is a string of alphanumeric
characters which is used as a title
for a save set.
Table n
DUMPER Commands
ACTION-COMMANDS
DUMPER action commands start, stop, interrupt or continue a
file transfer or file check.
CHECK (ALL MTA FILES)
Checks the files in the current save set to make sure that
they agree with the files on disk. The system prints a
message if the files do not agree; refer to items 1 and 2 in
the error section. Be sure to rewind the tape to the
beginning of the save set before giving the CHECK command.
CONTINUE
Continues a CHECK, RESTORE, SAVE or tape-positioning command
after you have typed a CTRL/E to halt it. If you have
prevented DUMPER from continuing, the system prints ?CANNOT
CONTINUE on your terminal.
CTRL/E
Halts the action of a CHECK, RESTORE, SAVE, or
tape-positioning command. When the system processes the
CTRL/E, it prints a message, suspends the action, then prints
the DUMPER prompt.
INTERRUPTING...
DUMPER>
After typing CTRL/E, you may give a CONTINUE, DIRECTORIES,
EXIT, FILES, HELP, or SILENCE command. If you give any other
command, DUMPER loses the information necessary to continue
the action you halted.
EXIT
Exits immediately to system command level.
HELP
Prints a list of the valid DUMPER commands on your terminal.
PRINT (DIRECTORY OF TAPE ONTO FILE) destination
Prints a directory of the current save set to the specified
file specification. You must type a destination file
specification, but if you use recognition, the system defaults
to TTY: (your terminal).
RESTORE (MTA FILES) source (TO) destination
Restores the magnetic tape source file to disk with the given
destination file specification. You must type a source file
specification and it may contain the wildcard characters * and
%. If you do not type a destination file specification, the
system uses your connected directory and the file name, type
and generation number on the tape file.
To restore more than one file without using the wildcard
characters, you can specify more source/destination pairs by
separating them with commas. For example, the command:
RESTORE (MTA FILES) TEST.* (TO) T1.*,TEST2.* (TO) T2.*
restores all the tape files with the file name TEST to disk
with the file name T1, and all the tape files with the name
TEST2 to disk with the name T2. If you want the disk files to
have the same file specification as the tape file, you may
abbreviate the command to:
RESTORE (MTA FILES) TEST.*,TEST2.*
which restores the tape files to your connected directory
under their own file specifications.
When the restore operation starts placing files in a
directory, the system prints the message:
LOADING FILES INTO <directory>
where directory is the name of the directory.
If you are restoring files saved from another disk area to
your own disk area, you must explicitly specify the directory
name in the source file specifications.
Since all commands and programs assume that the most recent
file (in a group of files with the same file name and type) is
the one with the highest generation number, you should try to
avoid a situation where the most recent file has other than
the highest generation number. The easiest way is to use the
destination file specification *.*.-1 in your RESTORE command.
This file specification forces all restored files to have a
generation number one greater than any existing file with the
same file name and type. Should you not give *.*.-1 as a
destination file specification and if you are restoring:
1. A file that is newer than a disk file with the same file
name and type,
2. With the current mode set to SUPERSEDE OLDER (the default
mode), and
3. The file on tape has a generation number lower than the
file on disk,
the system deletes the disk file(s) and issues the warning
message:
% FILE filespec DELETED WHILE SUPERSEDING
where filespec identifies the disk file that is deleted.
Under these conditions, the system does not delete the disk
file if it has a lower generation number than the magnetic
tape file (unless your FILE GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT is
one).
If you set the mode to SUPERSEDE ALWAYS, the system does not
check for older files with higher generation numbers and you
may get newer files with lower generation numbers.
If you set the mode to SUPERSEDE NEVER, the system will not
restore a file if one with the same file name and type exists,
so the problem of newer files with lower generation numbers
will not occur.
When the system gets to the end of the current save set or to
the end of the tape, it prints the message:
Any more tapes? YES
Answer NO if you are at the end of a save-set; answer YES if
the save set continues onto another tape. If you answer YES,
the system prints:
TAPE (FILESPEC) MTA0:
Mount the new tape, then type the name of the drive on which
you mount it. (If you have to run the PLEASE program, refer
to the instructions in the SAVE command description.)
SAVE (DISK FILES) sources
Saves the disk source file(s) onto magnetic tape. Sources is
any list of file specifications separated by commas. You may
use the wildcard characters * and %. If you do not give any
arguments to the SAVE command, DUMPER saves all the files in
your connected directory.
A save set is the group of files saved by a single SAVE
command. You may give the save set a name by giving the
SSNAME command.
DUMPER prints information about the saved files every time you
give the SAVE command. Refer to the LIST command if you want
to alter this function.
If all the files in the save set cannot fit on a single tape,
the system stops at the end of the tape, rewinds it, and
prints the message:
End of tape, continue save on
TAPE (FILESPEC) MTA0:
Mount a fresh tape, then type the name of the magnetic tape
drive. The system prints a header, then continues the save.
If you have to run the PLEASE program to get the operator to
mount the tape, type a CTRL/C, give the PUSH command, run the
PLEASE program, give the POP command, give the CONTINUE
command, type a CTRL/R, then type the name of the magnetic
tape drive. Follow the next example:
End of tape, continue save on
TAPE (FILESPEC) ^C Type CTRL/C to stop DUMPER
@PUSH (COMMAND LEVEL) Give the PUSH command
(or DUMPER can not continue)
TOPS-20 1(100)
@PLEASE Run PLEASE
WHAT IS THE OPERATOR'S ID?
ENTER TEST: PLEASE MOUNT MY NEXT MAGTAPE ON MTA1:
[OPERATOR HAS BEEN NOTIFIED]
ALL DONE, USE MTA1: NOW.
$
[FINISHED AT 20:52:32]
@POP (COMMAND LEVEL) Give the POP command
@CONTINUE Give the CONTINUE command
Type a CTRL/R
TAPE (FILESPEC) MTA1: Then type the magnetic tape drive
number.
TAPE-POSITIONING COMMANDS
DUMPER tape-positioning commands control the tape you have
specified with the last TAPE command or the tape assigned to
the logical name MTA-DUMPER. You should have previously
allocated these drives to your job with the system ASSIGN
command.
EOT
Skips to the end of the last save set on the tape and prints
the message: TAPE POSITIONED AT EOT. If any save sets are
encountered, the system prints the save set names.
REWIND
Rewinds the tape to the logical beginning of tape (BOT).
SKIP (NUMBER OF SAVESETS) n
Skips the tape over n save sets.
SKIP (NUMBER OF SAVESETS) 0
Backspaces the tape to the beginning of the current save set.
SKIP (NUMBER OF SAVESETS) -n
Backspaces the tape over n save sets.
STATUS-COMMANDS
DUMPER status-commands set parameters which affect the
operation of the CHECK, RESTORE and SAVE commands. Once you
set a parameter, it stays in effect until you change it or
restart DUMPER.
ABEFORE (DATE AND TIME) date time
Includes only those file which were accessed by a non-write
operation (i.e., typed, printed or read in some manner) before
the given date and time.
ACCOUNT (OF RESTORED FILES FROM) location
Specifies that any file being restored will have either the
SYSTEM-DEFAULT account (usually your current account) or the
account that was stored with the file. Normally, the system
uses the system default.
ASINCE (DATE AND TIME) date time
Includes only those files which were accessed by a non-write
operation (i.e., typed, printed or read in some manner) since
the given date and time.
BEFORE (DATE AND TIME) date time
Includes only those files which were created or last written
(i.e., whose contents were changed) before the given date and
time.
DENSITY (OF MAGTAPE) n
Sets the tape density to the given number of bits per inch
(BP1). The density must be 200, 556, 800, 1600, or
JOB-DEFAULT (set by the system command SET TAPE DENSITY). If
you do not give the DENSITY command, DUMPER uses the density
listed in the system command INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPES.
[NO] DIRECTORIES
Starts (or stops, directory name if you type NO) printing on
your terminal each directory name as the directory is saved or
restored. Normally, the system prints each directory name.
[NO] FILES
Starts (or stops, if you type NO) printing on your terminal
each file specification as the file is saved or restored.
Normally, the system does not print each file specification.
FORMAT (VERSION NUMBER IS) n
Allows the system to read and write DUMPER tapes that were
written with other (unsupported) versions of DUMPER. The
default format is 2; BBN-TENEX users should use 0 to read and
write tapes created by BBN-DUMPER.
[NO] INITIAL (FILESPEC) filespec
Starts (or stops, if you type NO) checking, restoring, or
saving at the file identified by filespec.
[NO] INTERCHANGE (FORMAT)
Starts (or stops, if you type NO) using the DECsystem-10
(TOPS10 BACKUP) interchange format in reading and writing
tapes.
[NO] LIST (LOG INFORMATION ON FILE) filespec
Makes a list of the files transferred in the file identified
by filespec. If you do not give a file specification, DUMPER
uses the file LPT:DUMPER.LOG. If you do not want this list,
type the word NO before LIST and do not specify a file
specification.
MBEFORE (DATE AND TIME) date time
Include only those files modified (i.e., written, created,
appended, or renamed) before the specified internal date and
time.
MSINCE (DATE AND TIME) date time
Includes only those files modified (i.e., written, created,
appended, or renamed) since the specified internal date and
time.
PARITY (OF MAGNETIC TAPE) type
Sets the parity of the current magnetic tape to EVEN or ODD.
DUMPER normally uses the parity listed in the system command
INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPES.
PROTECTION (OF RESTORED FILES FROM) location
Takes the protection of the restored files from the
SYSTEM-DEFAULT (usually 770000) or from the tape.
[NO] SILENCE
Stops (or starts, if you type NO) printing directory names and
file specifications as the files are saved or restored.
SINCE (DATE AND TIME) date time
Includes only those files that were created or last written
(i.e., whose contents were changed) since the specified date
and time.
SSNAME name
Identifies a save set name of up to 30 alphanumeric
characters.
SUPERSEDE condition
Sets the condition under which DUMPER will supersede a disk
file with a magnetic tape file of the same file name and type.
Use ALWAYS when you always want to supersede the disk file
with the tape file. Use NEVER when you never want to
supersede the disk file; in this case, a file is transferred
from tape only if there is no disk file in the directory with
the same file name and type. Use OLDER when you want the tape
file to supersede only older disk files; in this case, a tape
file is transferred to disk file. If you do not give a
SUPERSEDE command, the system uses SUPERSEDE OLDER. Refer to
the RESTORE command.
TAPE (FILESPEC) MTAn:
Uses the specified tape for the file transfers. If the drive
is not available to your job, the system prints:
?INVALID FILESPEC, DEVICE IS NOT AVAILABLE TO THIS JOB
wait until you can assign a magnetic tape to your job. You do
not have to give a TAPE command if you assign a magnetic tape
device name to the logical name MTA-DUMPER.
Operation
1. Type DUMPER and press the RETURN key; the system prints
DUMPER, the date it was installed, and the prompt DUMPER>.
@DUMPER
DUMPER 25-DEC-75
DUMPER>
2. Give the DUMPER commands you want. (You must give a TAPE
command before giving an action command.) When you are
finished, give the EXIT command.
DUMPER> TAPE (FILESPEC) MTA1:
DUMPER> REWIND
DUMPER> SSNAME TEST1
DUMPER> SAVE
DUMPER TAPE # 1, TEST1, WEDNESDAY, 27-DEC-75 0958
TOTAL FILES DUMPED = 5
TOTAL PAGES DUMPED = 95
DUMPER> EXIT
@
Errors
1. If a file on magnetic tape does not agree with a file on
disk, the system prints the following message after you give
a CHECK command:
%COMPARE ERROR, PAGE n, FILE filespec
where n is the page in the disk file, and filespec specifies
the file in which the error occurrs. This means that the
actual data differs between the file on disk and the file on
tape. Try transferring the file again, but beware that this
error is often caused by a program that is currently updating
the file. An actual example of this error is:
%COMPARE ERROR, PAGE 8, FILE DUMPER.EX3.1
2. The system may also print the following line:
%DIFFERENCES IN location OF FILE filespec
The location describes the entry in the file descriptor block
(refer to the Monitor Calls Manual) that differs between the
two files. (Each file has a file descriptor block which
contains information describing the history and structure of
the file.) The common locations and the differences they
describe are listed in Table n. After receiving a message of
this type, try transferring the file again. If the eror
still occurs, contact the operator or system administrator.
Table n
File Described Block (FDB) Entries
A difference
at location: Means the files do not have the same:
.FBCTL -Temporary, permanent, not-to-be-saved-by
DUMPER, or file-class status.
.FBCRE -Dates and times they were last written.
.FBUSE -Directory numbers of the last
writer, or directory number of author
.FBBYV -Number of generations to retain,
byte size, mode of the last write, or the
number of pages.
.FBSIZ -Pointer to the byte beyond the
end-of-file.
.FBCRV -Creation date or time.
.FBWRT -Date or time they were last written
(modifiable by the user).
.FBREF -Date or time they were accessed by a
non-write operation.
.FBCNT -Count of writes or references.
.FBBKO -Contents of the DUMPER data area.
.FBUSW -Contents of the user-settable
data area.
Examples of these errors are:
%DIFFERENCE IN .FBREF OF FILE <MCKIE>ESQRT.ALG.14
%DIFFERENCE IN .FBCNT OF FILE <MCKIE>DEFER.FOR.14
%DIFFERENCE IN .FBREF OF FILE <MCKIE>LOGIN.CMD.2
3. When you are saving files on the tape, there may be bad spots
that do not record properly. If the system finds an error in
the record that was just written, it writes a duplicate
record immediately following the erroneous record and prints
the message:
%WRITE ERROR ON TAPE, RECORD n, WRITING DUPLICATE RECORD.
If there are many errors, try moving the tape to the
beginning of the save set and saving the files again. If
there are less errors, most likely your tape is dirty and
repeated saving will clean the tape and reduce errors.
When you restore the files from that tape, the system will
read the bad record first. Since normal reading operates at
higher sensitivity than write-checking, the system may be
able to read a record that was previously thought to be bad.
If this occurrs, the system takes the second record and
ignores the duplicate record, while printing the message:
%DUPLICATE RECORD ENCOUNTERED, RECORD 13, IGNORED.
If there is an error in the original record, the system
prints either ?MTA DATA ERROR, ?MTA UNKNOWN ERROR, ?MTA
CHECKSUM ERROR, or another message of that type, then reads
the next record. If the next record is a duplicate record
(two records are duplicate if their sequence numbers are the
same), the system reads that record. If the duplicate record
is correct, the system prints the message, RECOVERED. If the
error is not recovered, the transfer continues after DUMPER
prints a message indicating the location of the bad record.
Due to differences in inter-record gaps between tape drives,
the same bad spot does not necessarily have to occur at the
same record number if the tape is being written by different
drives.
4. Each record on the tape has a sequence number somewhat
similar to an EDIT line number. When the system reads a
record, it makes sure that the sequence number is one greater
than the last record. If the sequence number is the same as
the last record, it prints the message %DUPLICATE RECORD
ENCOUNTERED, RECORD n, IGNORED. If the difference is not
one, the system reads the record, prints the following
message, resets the internal sequence counter to the new
number and continues with the current operation. If the
sequence number is irregular, you may receive a second
message when the numbers regain their previous value.
?SEQUENCE ERROR, RECORD 15, CONTINUING.
5. If you try to use a magnetic tape and have not given a tape
command, the system cancels the command and tries to use the
logical name MTA-DUMPER. If that logical name has no
magnetic tape definition, the system prints:
Tape specification needed,
TAPE (FILESPEC)
Type the name of the magnetic tape drive you are using, then
press the RETURN key. If you have to run the PLEASE program,
refer to the SAVE command.
6. Each DUMPER tape normally starts with a tape header. If the
system encounters a tape without a tape header, it tries to
perform the specified operation and prints the message:
%TAPE DOESN'T START WITH HEADER, CONTINUING...
You probably forgot to rewind the tape before doing a
RESTORE.
7. If the tape drive you are using is not on-line, the system
prints the following message if you try to access it:
FAILED TO OPEN MTA
?Device is not on-line
TRY AGAIN?
Type Y or N (for yes or no) if you want to try again or not.
Contact the operator if you have any questions.
8. If you try any command that reads the tape and if the system
prints the message:
?DRIVE PROBABLY OFF-LINE, TYPE CR TO TRY AGAIN.
Check with the operator to make sure that he has placed the
drive on-line. If he has, you are probably attempting to
read the tape at the wrong density. Type a CTRL/C, restart
DUMPER, then set the proper density. You can try different
densities (try 1600, 800, 556, then 200) if you cannot recall
the correct density to set.
9. If you are accessing a file and the file is not available,
the system prints one of a variety of messages explaining why
you may not use the file. Make sure that you have not
deleted the file, or that you are not over your working disk
storage limit.
?CANNOT GET JFN FOR FILE <MCKIE>DUMPER.TXT.13;P777752;A10300 BECAUSE:
No such generation number
?CANNOT OPEN FILE <MCKIE>TRANSL.CMD.10;P777752;A10300 BECAUSE:
Disk quota exceeded
Output
Whenever you give a SAVE command, DUMPER prints:
-A heading,
For each directory:
-The directory name followed by the directory number (for
internal system accounting)
-A line for each file containing the file specification, date
and time the file was last written, and the size in pages.
-The total number of files and pages dumped from the directory.
For the entire SAVE command:
-The total number of files and pages dumped.
Refer to the LIST command which controls log file output.
Characteristics
After you start DUMPER, the contents of memory are destroyed and
your terminal is at DUMPER command level. Give the DUMPER
command EXIT to return to EXEC.
Examples
1. Saving all the files in your connected directory-- To save all
files in your connected directory onto MTA0: in the save set
labeled Reference Files, then check the magnetic tape files
against the corresponding disk files:
@ASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA0: !Assign drive 0
@DUMPER !Start DUMPER
DUMPER 25-DEC-75
DUMPER>TAPE (FILESPEC) MTA0: !Tell DUMPER to use drive 0
DUMPER>REWIND !Move to the beginning of tape
DUMPER>SSNAME REFERENCE FILES !Declare the save-set name
DUMPER>SAVE (DISK FILES) !Give the SAVE command
DUMPER TAPE # 1, REFERENCE FILES, FRIDAY, 2-JAN-76 1432
<TPORADA>
TOTAL FILES DUMPED = 8
TOTAL PAGES DUMPED = 65
DUMPER>REWIND !Move to the beginning of tape
DUMPER>CHECK (ALL MTA FILES) !Check the saved files
DUMPER TAPE # 1, REFERENCE FILES, FRIDAY, 2-JAN-76 1432
ANY MORE TAPES? N !There is only one tape
DUMPER>EXIT !There are no errors, stop
@UNLOAD (DEVICE) MTA0: !Rewind tape onto source reel
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA0: !Return tape for other users
@
Hint
If you want the names of the saved files
printed on your terminal, give the FILES
command immediately after the SSNAME
command.
2. Saving a single file on tape--
@ASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA0: !Assign drive 0
@DUMPER !Start DUMPER
DUMPER 25-DEC-75
DUMPER>TAPE (FILESPEC) MTA0: !Tell DUMPER to use drive 0
DUMPER>REWIND !Go to beginning of tape
DUMPER>SSNAME FORTRAN PROGRAMS !Declare save-set name
DUMPER>FILES !Print file names as saved
DUMPER>SAVE (DISK FILES) TEST.FOR !Save TEST.FOR
DUMPER TAPE # 1, FORTRAN PROGRAMS, FRIDAY, 2-JAN-76 1442
<TPORADA>
TEST.FOR.1
TOTAL FILES DUMPED = 1
TOTAL PAGES DUMPED = 1
DUMPER>REWIND !Move to beginning of tape
DUMPER>CHECK (ALL MTA FILES) !Check the file
DUMPER TAPE # 1, FORTRAN PROGRAMS, FRIDAY 2-JAN-76 1442
ANY MORE TAPES? N !No more tapes
DUMPER>EXIT !End DUMPER
@UNLOAD (DEVICE) MTA0: !Rewind the tape onto source
reel
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA0: !Let other users have the
drive
@
3. To copy all the files from the second save set on the
tape to your disk area: (if a file already exists with the
same file specification, the file on tape is written only if it is
newer than the disk file; refer to the SUPERSEDE
parameter command.)
@ASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA0: !Assign drive 0
@DUMPER !Start DUMPER
DUMPER 25-DEC-75
DUMPER>TAPE (FILESPEC) MTA0: !Use drive 0
DUMPER>REWIND !Go to beginning of tape
DUMPER>SKIP (NUMBER OF SAVESETS) 1 !Skip to end of first save set
DUMPER TAPE # 1, SATURDAY'S FILES, SATURDAY, 3-JAN-76 1151
DUMPER>RESTORE (MTA FILES) *.*.* (TO) !Restore all files
DUMPER TAPE # 1, LIBRARY FILES, SATURDAY, 3-JAN-76 1153
ANY MORE TAPES? N !No more tapes
DUMPER>SKIP 0 !Go to start of current save
set
DUMPER TAPE # 1, LIBRARY FILES, SATURDAY, 3-JAN-76 1153
DUMPER>CHECK (ALL MTA FILES) !Check files for errors
DUMPER TAPE # 1, LIBRARY FILES, SATURDAY, 3-JAN-76 1153
ANY MORE TAPES? N !No more tapes
DUMPER>EXIT !End DUMPER
@UNLOAD (DEVICE) MTA0: !Rewind tape onto source reel
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA0: !Return tape for other users
@
The following example demonstrates the difference between
DUMPER's standard mode, SUPERCEDE OLDER (which means restore a
file only if the corresponding file on disk is older than the
file on the tape) and the mode SUPERCEDE ALWAYS (which means
restore a file to disk regardless of its date).
@DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *.TXT
<TPORADA> !The user has one file with
JOAN.TXT.1 The file type .TXT
@ASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA0: !Assign drive 0
@DUMPER !Start DUMPER
DUMPER 25-DEC-75
DUMPER>TAPE (FILESPEC) MTA0: !Tell DUMPER to user drive 0
DUMPER>REWIND !Start at the beginning
DUMPER>FILES !Print file specifications
DUMPER>RESTORE (MTA FILES) *.TXT.* (TO) !Restore all the
files with the file type .TXT
JOAN.TXT does not get
restored because it already
exists on disk and is the
same date as the tape file.
DUMPER TAPE # 1, FRIDAY'S NEW FILES, WEDNESDAY, 4-FEB-76 1938
LOADING FILE(S) INTO <TPORADA>
<TPORADA>RENAME.TXT.1;P777700;A10300 (TO) RENAME.TXT.1
<TPORADA>VTED.TXT.1;P777700;A10300 (TO) VTED.TXT.1
ANY MORE TAPES? N
DUMPER>SUPERSEDE ALWAYS !Now change the mode to
always restore files
DUMPER>REWIND !Rewind. This time
DUMPER>RESTORE (MTA FILES) *.TXT.* !Restore again
JOAN.TXT gets restored.
DUMPER TAPE # 1, FRIDAY'S NEW FILES, WEDNESDAY, 4-FEB-76 1938
<TPORADA>JOAN.TXT.1;P777700;A10300 (TO) JOAN.TXT.1
<TPORADA>RENAME.TXT.1;P777700;A10300 (TO) RENAME.TXT.1
<TPORADA>VTED.TXT.1;P777700;A10300 (TO) VTED.TXT.1
ANY MORE TAPES? N !No more tapes
DUMPER>REWIND !Rewind
DUMPER>EXIT !End DUMPER
@DEASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA0:
@
File: Exec Node: EDIT Command, Up: Top
Function
The EDIT command lets you edit or create a file using the EDIT
program. In general you are better off using EMACS rather than
EDIT. The documentation on EDIT is provided here for historical
value. *Note EMACS: (EMACS).
Special Cases
The EDIT command always starts EDIT as long as you give a legal
file specification as an argument. If the file exists, EDIT
enters edit mode for the file; if the file does not exist, EDIT
prints a warning message, then lets you input the file.
If you do not give any arguments to the EDIT command, the
system uses the arguments you gave in the last CREATE or EDIT
command. If you have not given a CREATE or EDIT command since
you have logged-in, the system cannot recall any
arguments and prints the message: ?NO SAVED ARGUMENTS.
Hints
Refer to the description of the EDIT program for a
list of all the EDIT commands.
You may give any EDIT command switch as a command to the EDIT
program.
Format
@EDIT /switches (FILE) input (OUTPUT AS) output
/switches is any combination of switches listed in Table n.
You may use recognition on the switch name and
switch value.
input specifies the file you want to change or create.
If the file
exists, the system recognizes the highest generation;
if the file does not exist, the system
allows you to create the file.
output specifies the output file. The system always
recognizes a new generation of the output file. If
you do not specify an output file, the system uses
an output file with the sanme name and type as the
input file, but with a new generation number.
Table n
EDIT Command Switches
This table list many of the switches you can give with the EDIT
command. Refer to the EDIT User's Guide for a complete list.
/C128
Starts EDIT in 128-character mode which allows you to enter
special control characters. Refer to the EDIT User's Guide.
Normally, EDIT starts in 64-character mode.
/DPY
Enters display mode where unwanted lines are overprinted by
output to make the output more concise on a video terminal
screen. Otherwise, EDIT starts in Model 33 (normal
terminal) mode.
/EXPERT
Starts expert mode which allows more powerful commands and
abbreviates error messages. Otherwise, EDIT starts in
standard novice mode.
/INCREMENT:n
Uses the specified increment when assigning numbers to an
unsequenced file. The numbering starts at the value of the
START parameter (the default value is 100) and assigns line
numbers by adding the specified increment. If you do not
specify an increment, the system uses 100.
/ISAVE:n
Starts ISAVE mode that automatically gives a
B (backup) command every time you insert n lines. You must
give a value for n.
/NOBAK
Inhibits EDIT from creating backup files with the file type
.Qyp. Instead, EDIT creates a new generation of the file.
If you give the /NOBAK switch,
you should change your GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT for this
file to a number greater than one.
/OLD
Makes a backup file with the file type .Zyp if no other one
with this file name and type exists in your connected
directory. Even though you may give another /OLD switch
with an EDIT or CREATE command, this file is
never overwritten unless you delete it with a
DELETE command.
/READONLY
Starts EDIT in readonly mode where you are not allowed to
make any changes to the file. When you start EDIT, the
system prints Read: instead of Edit: or Input. You may give
any EDIT command that does not change the file.
/SAVE:n
Starts SAVE mode which automatically gives a B command every
time you give n EDIT commands. You must give a value for n.
/START:n
Starts numbering an unsequenced file at the number n. If
you do not give a /START switch, EDIT uses a value of 100.
To produce each succeeding line number, EDIT uses the value
of the /INCREMENT switch.
/UNSEQUENCE
Removes line numbers from the output file.
Operation
If you do not want to give switches--
1. Type EDIT and press the ESC key; the system
prints (FILE).
@EDIT (FILE)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the input file specification;
then (if you have not used recognition), press the ESC key.
The system prints (OUTPUT AS).
@EDIT (FILE) TEST.FOR.4 (OUTPUT AS)
3. Press the RETURN key if you want a new generation of the
input file as your output file. If you want, press the ESC
key and the system will print this default output file. Then
press the RETURN key.
Otherwise type (or use recognition on) the output file, then
press the RETURN key. The
system always chooses a new generation if you use recognition.
If the input file exists, the system prints EDIT: followed
by the input file specification, then the asterisk.
@EDIT (FILE) TEST.FOR.4 (OUTPUT AS) TEST.FOR.5
Edit: TEST.FOR.4
*
If the file does not exist, the system prints the
message: %FILE NOT FOUND, CREATING NEW FILE, OR the message
%NO SUCH FILE TYPE, CREATING NEW FILE, then lets you input
the file.
@EDIT (FILE) TEST.CBL
%File not found, Creating New file
INPUT: TEST.CBL.1
00100
If you want to give switches --
1. Type (or use CTRL/F recognition on)
the letters EDIT.
@EDIT
2. type a slash and type (or use CTRL/F recognition on) the
switch name. If the switch has a value, type a colon
followed by the value. You may use recognize the switch by
pressing the ESC key, but the system will terminate the
switch field and proceed to the
input file field.
@EDIT /INCREMENT:10
CTRL/F
@EDIT /UNSEQUENCE (FILE)
ESC
3. Type (or use recognition on) as many switches as you need,
then press the ESC key and follow the directions in steps 2
and 3 in the previous section.
@EDIT /INCREMENT:10/EXPERT (FILE)
ESC
Characteristics
The EDIT command starts the EDIT program, thereby destroying
the previous contents of memory. Your terminal is left at EDIT
command level.
Restrictions
If you are using the automatic feature of the EDIT and CREATE
commands, do not give a generation number in your initial
CREATE or EDIT command or else subsequent commands will try to
use that exact generation rather than the highest existing
generation for that file. That is, give the command:
@EDIT (FILE) T.FIL
rather than:
@EDIT (FILE) T.FIL.2
In the latter case, the output file is T.FIL.3. If you give
the EDIT command without any arguments, EDIT will start you in
the file T.FIL.2 and not the most recent file T.FIL.3.
Examples
The user EDITS his file, outputting it as NUMBER.REF
@EDIT (FILE) NUMBER.FOR.3 (OUTPUT AS) NUMBER.REF.1 [NEW FILE]
Edit: NUMBER.FOR.3
*
The user edits his file, setting the SAVE parameter to give a B
command after every 5 EDIT commands.
@EDIT /SAVE:5 (FILE) CRISCR.ALG.1 (OUTPUT AS)
Edit: CRISCR.ALG.45
*
The user starts EDIT in DPY mode and unsequences his output file.
@EDIT /DPY/UNSEQUENCE (FILE) NXTVER.MAC
Edit: NXTVER.MAC.3
*
The User gives an EDIT command without any arguments.
@EDIT
Edit: NXTVER.MAC.4
*
File: Exec Node: EDIT Program, Up: Top
Function
The EDIT program helps you create and edit files. You may also
use EDIT to peruse files. EDIT is made obsolete by EMACS.
*Note EMACS: (EMACS).
Hints
If you need a tutorial to start learning EDIT, refer to Getting
Started With DECsystem-20 or the EDIT User's Guide.
Format
@CREATE/switches (FROM) input
or
@EDIT/switches (FROM) input (OUTPUT AS) output
Operation
1. Give either the CREATE or EDIT command to start EDIT. (Refer
to their individual desriptions.)
@CREATE (FILE) TEST.FOR
2. If you give the CREATE command, you start off in EDIT input
mode, insert lines, then press the ESC key to enter EDIT
command level. The system prints an asterisk.
INPUT: TEST.FOR.1
00100 TYPE 101
00200 101 FORMAT (' This is only a test!')
00300 $
*
3. Once you are at EDIT command level, you may give any one of
the EDIT Commands listed in Table n.
Table n
EDIT Commands
Positions and Ranges
range = position:position
100:400
500/4:700/7
^/^:*/*
position = line or line/page
2350
300/2
number 4600
line = number+integer 300+5
or number-integer 9320-2
page = $string$ $Section 1.1$
number = a positive integer < 2^35-1
^ (first)
. (current)
* (last)
*Arange
Starts Alter mode for the specified range of lines. Alter
mode allows you to edit a line, character by character. After
giving the A command, give any one of the Alter mode commands.
When you terminate editing for the current line (by pressing
the RETURN key or giving the E command), EDIT enters Alter
mode for the next line until all lines in the range have been
altered.
Table n
Alter Mode Commands
Some Alter mode commands are peceded by an optional minus sign
which reverses the direction of the command. Other commands have
an optional argument n, which defaults to 1 if omitted. The
arguments in angle brackets (such as <space>) identify a specific
key you are required to press.
Command Function
? Prints a list of the Alter mode commands.
nCchars Deletes n characters, then lets you type n
characters (or press the ESC key to stop
inserting).
-nD Deletes the next/last n characters.
E Ends Alter mode for the current line, but does not
print the rest of the line on your terminal.
-nFc Finds the next/last occurrence of the character c.
nItext$ Lets you insert text, starting at the current
position, until you press the RETURN key (to end
Alter mode for the line) or the ESC key (to end
just the insert). If you omit n, the system uses
100.
J Places the rest of the current line at the
beginning of the next line in the file.
-nKc Deletes all the characters ahead/back from the
current position up to n occurrences of the
character c.
L Prints the rest of the line and start at the
beginning of the line again.
P Print the rest of the line and the beginning of
the line, leaving you at your current position.
This command is useful for viewing the correct
contents of the line.
Q Ends Alter mode for this range, without saving the
changes for this line.
-nRtext$ Deletes the next/last n characters, then given an
automatic I command.
nW Skips forward n words.
Xtext$ Deletes the current word, then gives an automatic
I command.
-n<space> Skips forward/backward n characters.
<RETURN> Ends Alter mode for this line and prints the rest
of the line.
n<DELETE> Skips backward n characters.
n<BS>
-<TAB> Skips to the beginning/end of the line.
CTRL/U Restores the original line, but leaves you in
Alter mode.
*B (FILE) name.typ.gen
Saves the current edits in the specified file, but does not
end the editing session. Refer to the description of the B, E
and G modifiers in Table n.
*Cposition,range
Copies a range of lines so that the first line being copied
starts at the specified position.
*Cposition (FILE) name.typ,range
Copies a range of lines from the specified file, so that the
first line being copied starts at the specified position.
*Cposition (FILE) name.typ/S
Lets you search through the specified file before giving the
range of lines to transfer. In this mode, the ready character
is C* and you may give F and P commands only. When you are
finished examining the file, give an E command and the system
prints SOURCE LINES=. Type the appropriate range of lines.
If you do not want to copy any lines, to end search mode give
the EQ command instead of the E command.
*Drange
Deletes a range of lines.
*E (FILE) name.typ
Ends the editing session and saves the results in the file
name.typ. Refer to the description of the B, E, and G
modifiers in Table n. If you want to end the editing session,
but not save the results thus restoring the original file,
give the EQ command.
*Fstring$range,options
Finds the next occurrence of the specified string of
characters and prints the line containing it. If you give an
F command without any arguments, it uses the arguments to the
last F command. You can print these arguments by giving the
=STRING command. Refer to the F and S options described in
Table n.
*G (FILE) name.typ
Ends the editing session, saves the results in the file
name.typ, then executes your last COMPILE, LOAD, EXECUTE, or
DEBUG command. Refer to the description of the B, E, and G
modifiers in Table n.
*H
Prints a list of EDIT commands and options.
*Iposition,increment
Starts insert mode at the specified position, using the
optionl increment to number subsequent lines. There are a
number of special functions which the I command may perform:
*I<CR> Starts inserting where you last stopped
inserting. You can find out this location by
giving the =INSERT command.
*I/page Inserts a page mark at the end of the
specified page, then starts insert mode
beginning with the value of the START
parameter (the default is 100).
*Iposition!n Chooses an increment which will allow you to
insert n lines starting at the specified
position. *I^ Inserts a line at the top of
the page, halfway between line 0 and the
first line.
*Jposition
Takes the specified line, appends the next line in the file to
it, thereby joining the two.
*K/page
Deletes the page mark between the specified page and the one
preceding it. The system may print the message %OUT OF ORDER,
which tells you that the line numbers are not in ascending
order; your file is still in the correct logical order.
Given the N command to renumber the offending page.
*Lrange
Lists the specified range of lines on the line printer. If
you do not give a range, the system lists the entire file.
*Mposition
Marks the specified line as the beginning of a new page. Each
succeeding page number is increased by one.
*Nincrement,range,start
Renumbers the specified range of lines starting with the
specified value and adding the specified increment in
generating the line number for each succeeding line. If you
do not give a starting number, the system uses the value of
the START parameter (the default is 100). If you do not give
a range, the system renumbers the entire file. If you do not
specify an increment, the system uses the value of the
INCREMENT parameter (the default is 100). The system assigns
the starting number to the first line on each page and numbers
each succeeding line by adding the increment, unless you add
the letter P to the N command. This stops the system from
reseting to the starting number at the beginning of each page.
If you want to add an increment to a range of lines, use the
following command: *NAincrement,range.
*Prange,N
Prints the specified range of lines. If you do not specify a
rage, the system prints a group of lines. The number of lines
it prints specified by the value of the PLINES parameter (the
default is 16). If you do not want the system to print the
line numbers, include the ,N qualifier at the end of the
command. Pressing the <LF> key prints the next line in your
file; pressing the <ESC> key prints the previous line in your
file.
*.position
Makes the specified position your current line.
*Rrange,increment
Deletes the specified range of lines, then enters insert mode
with the specified increment. If you do not specify an
increment, the system uses the value of the INCREMENT
parameter (the default is 100).
*Sexisting$new$range,options
Substitutes the new string of characters for all occurrences
of the existing string of characters contained within the
specified range. If you do not give a range, the S command
performs the substitution for the next occurrence of the
existing string. Should you give the S command a second
consectuive time, the system performs the substitution on the
rest of the file. Refer to Table n which describes F and S
command options. In addition to these qualifiers ,D lets you
check on each substitution and ,L stops the printing of each
line that contains a substitution.
*Tposition,range
Transfers specified range of lines so the first line being
transferred starts at the specified position. The specified
range of lines is deleted after they are transferred.
*Xrange,L
Allows you to eXtend the specified range of lines by printing
the line and then giving an Alter mode I command. If you do
not want the system to print the line, add the ,L specifier at
the end of the command.
*?
Prints a list of all the EDIT commands.
*@name.typ
Gives the commands stored in the specified file.
Table n
B, E, and G Modifiers
If you do not specify an output file for a B, E or G command, the
system uses the file specified by the =NAME command.
B Adding the letter B to your command creates a new generation
of the output file rather than generating a .Qxx file.
I Adding the letter I to your command inserts a line at the
beginning of your file which identifies the file
specification, date, time, and user name.
U Adding the letter U to your command removes the line numbers
from your file.
Table n
F and S Options
You may use the following options with the F and S commands:
,E Requires an exact match of upper and lower case characters.
,A Enters Alter mode for each line on which the characters are
found.
You may use these powerful matching and replacement characters in
F and S commands.
Replacement: '" next match string
'* '*<number>'* is n'th match string
'7 quote next character
Match: '% not
') arbitrary number of
'/ any character
'7 quote next character
': separator
Table n
EDIT Parameters
You may set the following EDIT parameters with the / command and
examine them with the = command.
Name Set Print Default Value What
. n y --- current position
? n y --- /? list settable switches
=? list printable switches
BAK y y on create .Qxx backup file
BIG n y --- largest page #
C64 y CASE on 64 character set
C128 y CASE off 128 character set
CASE n CASE C64 M33 UPPER give case information
DECIDE y y off auto ",D" for "S" command
DPY y n off special display mode
ERROR n y --- print last error message
EXPERT y n off sets expert mode
INCREMENT y y 100 default line increment
INSERT y n --- location of next I<CR>
ISAVE y y 0 controls auto-W on inserts
LOCATION n y --- first line in edit buffer
LOWER y CASE off default lower case
M33 y CASE on terminal characteristics
M37 y CASE off terminal characteristics
NAME y y --- output file spec
NOBAK y n off no backup file
NODECIDE y n on no auto ",D"
NONSEPARATORS y CASE on %,$,. are not alphanumerics
NONUMBER y n off don't print line numbers
NOVICE y n on normal mode
NUMBER y n on print line numbers
OLD y n off create backup file (.Zxx)
OPTION y n --- read "SWITCH.INI" file
PLINES y y 16 used by "P<CR>
R Same as RONLY
RONLY y n off read only file
READONLY Same as RONLY
RUN y y "SYS:COMPIL" set run spec
SAVE y y 0 controls auto-W on commands
SEPARATORS y n off treat %,$,. as alphanumeric
START y y 100 starting sequence #
STEP y y 100 default line increment
STRING n y --- current F & S strings
UNSEQUENCE y n off unsequence output file
UPPER y CASE on default upper case
File: Exec Node: EOF Command, Up: Top
Function
The EOF command writes an end-of-file mark on the specified
magnetic tape.
Hints
Remember to assign the tape drive to your job and have the
operator mount your tape on it.
Be sure to have the correct tape parameters set (check them with
the INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS command); if necessary,
give the SET TAPE command.
Format
@EOF (DEVICE) dev:
dev: is the magnetic tape device name in the form
MTAn:, where n is the drive number.
Operation
1. Type EOF and press the ESC key; the system prints
(DEVICE).
@EOF (DEVICE)
2. Type the device name and press the RETURN key. The system
prints an @ after it writes the EOF.
@EOF (DEVICE) MTA3:
@
Errors
1. If the device is not on-line, the system ignores the command
and prints the message:
?DEVICE MUST BE ON-LINE
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator; then reissue
the command.
2. If a tape is not mounted on the drive, the system may print
the message:
?DEVICE OR DATA ERROR
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator; then reissue
the command.
Characteristics
The EOF command does not change the contents of memory and leaves
your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
The EOF command works only for magnetic tapes.
Examples
The user writes an EOF on the tape mounted on drive 3.
@EOF (DRIVE) MTA3:
@
File: Exec Node: EXECUTE Command, Up: Top
Function
The EXECUTE command places one or more object files in memory,
then starts the main program.
Special Cases
If you give only LOAD-command switches as arguments to an EXECUTE
command, the system appends the arguments you gave in the last
LOAD-class command which contained a file specification or LINK
switch, then executes the command. If there are no arguments to
recall, the system prints the message ?NO SAVED ARGUMENTS.
If you type the name of the source files used to produce the
desired object file(s), the system will update the object file if
it is older than any one of the corresponding source files.
Suppose you give the command:
@EXECUTE (FROM) NXTLAT.FOR
If NXTLAT.REL does not exist, or if it is older than the most
recent NXTLAT.FOR (i.e., it has a write date before the write
date of NXTLAT.FOR), then the system compiles NSTLAT.FOR to
produce an up-to-date NXTLAT.REL. After producing NSTLAT.REL,
the system loads it into memory.
Format
@EXECUTE (FROM) sources object,sources object,...
sources is one or more source file specifications preceded
and/or followed by switches. You must separate
the source files with plus signs. No spaces or
tabs are allowed. If you do not give a file type
in a file specification, the system looks for a
source file with one of the standard types listed
in Table n. If there is more than one file with a
standard file type, the system uses .FOR.
a space separates the source file specifications from the
object file specification. If you do not give an
object file specification, you do not have to
leave a space.
object is an object file specification. If you do not
give an object file specification, the system uses
the name of the last file in the corresponding
sources and the type .REL.
@name.typ You may store any portion of the command in a
file. That portion of the command is included -
just as if you typed it on your terminal -
whenever you type an @ followed by the name of the
file. You may use recognition in typing the file
specification, but the commands within the file
may not use recognition.
Table n
Standard File Types
Type Language
.ALG ALGOL
.CBL COBOL
.FAI FAIL
.FOR FORTRAN (default)
.MAC MACRO
.SAI SAIL
.SNO SNOBOL
Table n
EXECUTE Command Switches
You may use recognition to help you type a switch and any file
specification which is an argument to a switch. If you place a
switch before a set of sources, the switch applies to all the
files in that set of sources; if you place a switch after a file
specification in a set of sources, the switch applies to just
that file.
Switch Function
/ALGOL
(or a file with the type .ALG) Compiles the file using
ALGOL. When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /ALGOL switch
loads the DDT debugging program.
/BINARY
Generates a binary file for each set of source file
specifications. Normally, the system generates these binary
files, so this switch is useful in reversing a global
/NOBINARY switch.
/COBOL
(or a file with the type .CBL) Compiles the file using
COBOL. When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /COBOL switch
loads the COBDDT debugging program.
/COMPILE
(or an object file older than any one of the corresponding
source files) Produces an object file from the sources,
regardless of whether it is up-to-date or not. The
/NOCOMPILE switch causes the system to produce an object
file only if it is out-of-date; the /RELOCATABLE switch
causes the system to use an existing object file regardless
of its date. Normally, the system assumes the action of the
/NOCOMPILE switch.
/CREF
Produces a cross-reference listing file for each file that
is compiled or assembled. The name of the output file is
the name of the last source file and the type is .CRF. You
can then give the CREF command to produce a listing.
/DDT
Loads the DDT debugging program.
/DEBUG
Includes debugging information in the object program
(FORTRAN only).
/FAIL
(or a file with the type .FAI) Assembles the file with FAIL.
With the DEBUG switch, loads the DDT debugging program.
/FORTRAN
(or a file with the type .FOR or a non-standard type)
Compiles the file using FORTRAN. When used with the /DEBUG
switch, the /FORTRAN switch loads the FORDDT debugging
program.
/LIBRARY
Loads the file only if one or more of its declared entry
symbols satisfies an undefined global request in the source
file. The system libraries are always searched.
/LIST
Generates a disk listing file for each file that is compiled
or assembled. Give the PRINT command if you want a line
printer copy of the file. The listing file name is the name
of the last source file and the type is .LST. Unless you
specify this switch, the system does not generate a listing
file.
/MACRO
(or a file with the type .MAC) Assembles the file using
MACRO. When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /MACRO switch
loads the DDT debugging program.
/MAP:name.typ
Produces loader maps during the loading process and stores
them in the file name.typ. If you do not give a file name
and type, the system uses nnnLNK.MAP, where nnn is your job
number. The /MAP switch applies to the entire command, not
to just one file. You may use recognition input in typing
the file specification.
/NOBINARY
Inhibits the generation of an object file. This switch is
useful along with the /CREF or /LIST switch to produce
listings without additionally producing an object file.
/NOCOMPILE
Compiles a file only if it is out-of-date. Since the system
normally does this, the /NOCOMPILE switch is useful for
turning off a global /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE switch.
/NODEBUG
Omits loading a debugger with the program.
/NOLIST
Inhibits the generation of a listing file. Normally, the
system does not generate a listing file.
/NOOPTIMIZE
Inhibits the generation of optimized object files (FORTRAN
programs only).
/NOSEARCH
Loads all routines in a file, regardless of whether the
routines are referenced or not. This action is the default,
therefore it is useful in turning off the /SEARCH switch.
/NOSYMBOLS
Inhibits loading symbols with the program. Normally, the
system loads symbols with all programs.
/OPTIMIZE
Produces optimized object files (FORTRAN programs only).
/RELOCATABLE
Uses the existing object files, even though they may be
out-of-date. The /COMPILE switch causes the system to
always produce an object file; the /NOCOMPILE switch causes
the system to produce an object file only if the current one
does not exist or is out-of-date. Normally, the system
assumes the action of the /NOCOMPILE switch.
/SAIL
(or a file with the type .SAI) Assembles the file using
SAIL. When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /SAIL switch
loads the DDT debugging program.
/SEARCH
Is identical to the /LIBRARY switch.
/SNOBOL
(or a file with the type .SNO) Translates the file with
SNOBOL.
/SYMBOLS
Loads the program with its appropriate symbol table.
Normally, the system loads all programs with symbols.
Operation
1. Type EXEC and press the ESC key; the system prints UTE
(FROM).
@EXECUTE (FROM)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the sets of source
specifications and object specifications. Press the RETURN
key. The system executes the specified files.
@EXECUTE (FROM) TEST.FOR,SUB1.FOR
[LNKXCT TEST EXECUTION]
INPUT FILE: T1.IN, Up: Top
END OF EXECUTION
CPU TIME: 0.14 ELAPSED TIME: 0.47
EXIT
@
Errors
1. If you give a command and one of the source files is missing,
the system continues processing the command and prints the
message:
%SOURCE FILE MISSING - name.typ
where name.typ is the name and type of the source file.
Characteristics
The EXECUTE command, at a minimum, runs the LINK program, thereby
destroying the contents of memory. Depending on the way your
program operates, your terminal may or may not be left in EXEC.
Examples
The user executes his FORTRAN program.
@EXECUTE (FROM) ADDTWO.FOR
FORTRAN: ADDTWO
MAIN.
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT ADDTWO Execution]
TYPE TWO NUMBERS.
23.5 45.8
ADDING 23.5000000 TO 45.8000000 GIVES
69.3000000
END OF EXECUTION
CPU TIME: 0.14 ELAPSED TIME: 7.88
EXIT
@
The user combines three FORTRAN programs into one main program
and includes the entire subroutine package TYPE2.
@EXECUTE (FROM) 1+2+3,TYPE2
FORTRAN: 1
MAIN.
FORTRAN: TYPE2
TYPE2
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT 3 Execution]
THIS IS IT, FOLKS, THE LAST TRY
THIS IS TYPE2.
STOP
END OF EXECUTION
CPU TIME: 0.009 ELAPSED TIME: 0.47
EXIT
@
The user executes his MACRO program and produces a
cross-reference listing file.
@EXECUTE (FROM) TRANSL.SYS/MACRO/CREF
MACRO: TRANSL
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT TRANSL Execution]
Translate (Directory) EXEC
<EXEC> (IS) [4,111] (A files-only directory)
@
The user executes his COBOL program.
@EXECUTE (FROM) COMPUT.CBL
COBOL:
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT COMPUT Execution]
TYPE A NUMBER: 56
TWICE THAT NUMBER IS: 1.12E2
EXIT
@
File: Exec Node: EXPUNGE Command, Up: Top
Function
The EXPUNGE command eliminates all your deleted files from disk
storage.
Hints
After you expunge your files, you may not access them again. If
you have inadvertently deleted and expunged a file you actually
need, contact your operator and ask him if they can be obtained
from the system backup operations.
Use the EXPUNGE command to stay under your disk storage quota.
Format
@EXPUNGE (DIRECTORY) directory
directory is the name of the directory you want to expunge.
If you press the ESC key, or press the RETURN key,
the system uses your connected directory.
Operation
1. Type EXP and press the ESC key; the system prints UNGE
(DIRECTORY).
@EXPUNGE (DIRECTORY)
2. If you want to expunge your connected directory, press the
ESC key; then press the RETURN key. (If you want to take a
shortcut, just press the ESC key). If you want to expunge a
directory to which you have the proper access, type (or use
recognition on) the directory name, then press the RETURN
key. The system prints the number of pages freed.
@EXPUNGE (DIRECTORY) MANUALS
[34 PAGES FREED]
@
Characteristics
The EXPUNGE command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
You may not expunge a directory to which you do not have the
proper access.
Examples
The user expunges his connected directory.
@EXPUNGE (DIRECTORY)
[5 PAGES FREED]
@
The user tries to expunge a directory to which he does not have
the proper access.
@EXPUNGE (DIRECTORY) COHEN
?WHEEL or OPERATOR special capabilities required.
@
File: Exec Node: FDIRECTORY Command, Up: Top
Function
The FDIRECTORY command prints all the information about a file or
group of files. No headings are printed and the output is
compressed.
Hints
Giving the FDIRECTORY command is exactly like giving the
DIRECTORY command with the subcommands CRAM (OUTPUT), EVERYTHING,
and NO HEADING.
Refer to the DIRECTORY command for more information; you can
give any of the DIRECTORY subcommands with FDIRECTORY.
Format
@FDIRECTORY (OF FILES) filespecs
filespecs is a list of the file specifications about which
you want to obtain the information. If you omit
the file specifications, the system prints
information about all the files in your connected
directory.
Operation
1. Type FDIR and press the ESC key; the system prints ECTORY
(OF FILES).
@FDIRECTORY (OF FILES)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specifications; then
press the RETURN key. The system prints the directory
information.
@FDIRECTORY (OF FILES) TEST.FOR.*
<MCKIE>
TEST.FOR.4;P777752;A10300 1 15(36) 2 18-SEP-75 18:51:14
18-SEP-75 18:51:27 18-SEP-75 18:51:44 MCKIE MCKIE
@
Output
The system lists the files in alphabetical order. The following
information is listed for each file:, Up: Top
1. Name, type, generation number,
2. Protection code,
3. Account number,
4. Size (in pages),
5. Length (in bytes) and byte size (in parenthesis),
6. File retention count,
7. The date and time the file was created,
8. The date and time the file was last read,
9. The date and time the file was last written,
10. The user who created the file,
11. The user who last wrote the file
12. A line summarizing the total size (in pages) and number of
the listed files.
Characteristics
The FDIRECTORY command does not change memory and leaves your
terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user obtains all the information about any files with the
name FILEIO.
@FDIRECTORY (OF FILES) FILEIO
<MCKIE>
FILEIO.EXE.2;P777752;A10300 3 2048(36) 2 20-AUG-75 15:16:25
20-AUG-75 15:16:25 9-SEP-75 16:12:50 MCKIE MCKIE
.MAC.55;P777752;A10300 2 1005(36) 2 19-SEP-75 10:54:00 19-
SEP-75 10:54:06 19-SEP-75 10:54:05 MCKIE MCKIE
.REL.1;P777752;A10300 1 170(36) 1 16-MAY-75 02:57:16 16-MA
7-75 02:57:16 16-MAY-75 02:57:18 MCKIE MCKIE
TOTAL OF 6 PAGES IN 3 FILES
@
File: Exec Node: FILCOM Program, Up: Top
Function
The FILCOM program compares two files and outputs the differences
between them.
Hints
SRCCOM is another file comparison program, supplied by MIT with
EMACS. *Note SRCCOM: (SRCCOM).
With FILCOM you may compare both ASCII files (i.e., normal text
files and files containing source programs) and binary files
(i.e., relocatable binary files and save files). FILCOM compares
ASCII files line by line, but it compares binary files word by
word.
If you want to list a binary file, type the first input file
specification, but do not type a comma or the second input file
specification. Be sure that either the input file specification
has a standard binary type (listed in Table n) or that you use
the /W switch.
Special Cases
Binary files are compared word by word, starting at word 0,
except for the following two cases:
1. Files with extensions .SHR and .HGH are assumed to be high
segment files. Since the word count starts at 400000, upper
and lower limits, if used, must be greater than (or equal to
in the case of the lower limit) 400000.
2. Files with extensions .SAV, .LOW, and .SVE are assumed to be
compressed core image files and are expanded before
comparing.
Format
@FILCOM
*output.typ=input1.typ,input2.typ/switches
output.typ is the name and type of the file that will contain the
differences between the two input files.
If you do not give an output file name, FILCOM uses
the second input file name (input2). But, if you omit
the second input file name (refer to input2.typ), the
output file name becomes FILCOM. If you omit the
output file type, it is .SCM if the input files are
ASCII files, or else .BCM if the input files are
binary files. If you omit the output file
specification completely, the system uses TTY:.
input1.typ is the name and type of the first input file you want
to compare.
input2.typ is the name and type of the second input file you want
to compare.
If you omit the name of the second input file, FILCOM
uses the name of the first input file. If you omit
the type of the second input file, FILCOM uses the
type of the first input file. To explicitly indicate
a null type, type a period at the end of the second
input file name.
switches the switches following the two input file
specifications control the method in which FILCOM
performs the comparison. All the valid switches are
listed in Table n.
If you do not use the /A, /W, or /X switch, FILCOM
chooses the mode of comparison by examining the type
of the input files. If either one (or both) of the
input files has one of the types listed in Table n,
the files are compared in binary mode; otherwise,
they are compared in ASCII mode.
Table n
Binary Types
.BAC .HGH .RMT
.BIN .LOW .RTB
.BUG .MSB .SAV
.CAL .OVR .SFD
.CHN .QUE .SHR
.DAE .QUF .SVE
.DCR .REL .SYS
.DMP .RIM .UFD
.XPN
If a conflict arises in the absence of defaults or
switches, the files are assumed to be ordinary binary
files.
Table n
FILCOM Switches
Switch Use Function
/A ASCII only Compares the two input files in ASCII mode (i.e.,
FILCOM treats both files as if they contain ASCII
characters).
/B ASCII only Considers blank lines in the comparison;
otherwise, blank lines are ignored.
/C ASCII only Ignores comments (all text following a semicolon
on a line) spacing (spaces and tabs).
/H ASCII and Prints a list of the valid switches on your
binary terminal.
/nL ASCII and For ASCII files: Specifies the number of lines
binary that determine a match. A match means that n
successive lines in both files have been found to
be identical. Once FILCOM finds a match, it
prints all the differences discovered since the
last match. Then, FILCOM prints the first line of
the current match so that you know where the
differences are located. If you do not give this
switch, FILCOM uses the value 3.
For binary files: n is an octal number which
specifies the lower limit for a partial binary
comparison. If you also use the /nU switch,
FILCOM compares the files only within these
predefined limits.
/Q ASCII and Prohibits FILCOM from printing the actual
binary differences, only ?FILES ARE DIFFERENT is printed
when the files are different. This switch is
useful when Batch control files want to test for
differences, but do not want the log file filled
with output.
/nU ASCII only Compares the files in update mode. In update
mode, the output file is the second input file
with vertical bars inserted at the left margin on
lines that differ from the first input file. This
feature is useful when updating a document because
the changes made to the latest edition are flagged
with change bars in the left margin. The latest
edition of the file must be typed as the second
input file.
/nU Binary only Specifies the upper limit for a partial binary
comparison. n is an octal number. Refer to the
/L switch.
/W Binary only Compares the two files in binary mode without
expanding the files first. This switch is used to
compare two binary files with ASCII extensions.
/X Binary only Expands save (.EXE) files before comparing them in
binary mode. This switch removes differences
resulting from zero compression.
Operation
1. Type the program name FILCOM, then press the RETURN key.
When the FILCOM program has started, it prints an asterisk on
your terminal.
@FILCOM
*
2. After the asterisk, type a command comprised of an output
file, an equals sign, two input files, and any necessary
switches. Press the RETURN key. When FILCOM is finished, it
prints a second asterisk. If the files are different, FILCOM
precedes the asterisk with the message %FILES ARE DIFFERENT
(if you used the /Q switch, the percent sign is replaced with
a question mark).
*DIFFER.FIL=EXPONT.1,EXPONT.2
%FILES ARE DIFFERENT
3. After FILCOM prints the second asterisk, you can give another
command to FILCOM. If you want to stop FILCOM, type a
CTRL/C.
*^C
@
Output
ASCII mode
The output file contains a header consisting of the device,
file name, type, and creation date of each input file. This
header is omitted if you are using update mode, that is, if
you have given the /U switch.
File 1) DSK:EXPONT.1 created: 1052 22-AUG-1975
File 2) DSK:EXPONT.2 created: 1155 22-AUG-1975
Each time FILCOM encounters differences, it outputs the
number of the file and its differences. At the end of the
differences, FILCOM prints a line that is common between the
two files. Then, FILCOM prints four asterisks, the number of
the second file, and its differences. Finally, FILCOM prints
the common line and fourteen asterisks. Then, FILCOM prints
a second set of differences, if any. In the following
example, file EXPONT.1 contains the words of the numbers 1
through 10, but includes TWO-AND-A-HALF and NINE-AND-A-HALF.
EXPONT.2 contains just the words of the numbers 1 through 10.
There are two differences listed; the first one is
TWO-AND-A-HALF, occurring in EXPONT.1, the second one is
NINE-AND-A-HALF, occurring in EXPONT.1.
@FILCOM
*=EXPONT.1,EXPONT.2
File 1) DSK:EXPONT.1 created: 1700 25-SEPT-1975
File 2) DSK:EXPONT.2 created: 1618 25-SEPT-1975
1)1 TWO-AND-A-HALF
1) THREE
****
2)1 THREE
**************
1)1 NINE-AND-A-HALF
1) TEN
****
2)1 TEN
**************
%files are different
*
If you give the /U switch, the system prints the second file
with vertical bars beside any lines that differ from the
first file. (Note that the user typed the files in a
different order this time.)
@FILCOM
*=EXPONT.2,EXPONT.1/U
ONE
TWO
TWO-AND-A-HALF
THREE
FOUR
FIVE
SIX
SEVEN
EIGHT
NINE
NINE-AND-A-HALF
TEN
%files are different
*
Binary mode
The output file contains the same header, but FILCOM compares the
two files word by word. If there is a difference, it prints the
word from the first file, the word from the second file, then the
logical exclusive OR of the two words.
@FILCOM
*=A.REL,B.REL
File 1) DSK:A.REL created: 2221 07-SEPT-1975
File 2) DSK:B.REL created: 1712 25-SEPT-1975
000006 000005 000002 000001 000006 000004 000004
000007 200000 000000 240000 000000 040000 000000
000011 000000 000000 561040 000001 561040 000001
000012 442224 053620
000013 406504 751500
000014 526404 042236
000015 414000 000000
000016 000002 000002
000017 040000 000000
000020 100442 462476
000021 000000 000000
000022 000005 000002
000023 200000 000000
000024 000000 000005
000025 000000 000000
%files are different
*
Characteristics
After you start FILCOM, the contents of memory are destroyed and
your terminal is at FILCOM command level. Type a CTRL/C to
return to EXEC.
Examples
The user compares his two FORTRAN files and places the output in
the file NEW.SCM.
@FILCOM
*NEW=ROUND1.FOR,ROUND2.FOR
%FILES ARE DIFFERENT
*^C
@
The user compares two text files, leaving change bars next to new
and changed lines. Blank lines are not ignored.
@FILCOM
*NEWDOC.TXT=DOC1.TXT,DOC2.TXT/U/B
%FILES ARE DIFFERENT
*^C
@
The user prepares to print the contents of a binary file,
SUBRTN.REL.
@FILCOM
*PFILE=SUBRTN.REL/B
%FILES ARE DIFFERENT
*
@PRINT PFILE.BCM
[LPT:PFILE=/SEQ:1023/LIMIT:176, 1 FILE]
@
File: Exec Node: FORDDT Program, Up: Top
Function
The FORDDT program helps you debug FORTRAN programs.
Hints
Your object program must contain symbols in order to be
successfully debugged with FORDDT - do not begin your debugging
session by giving the DEBUG command with the switch /NOSYMBOLS.
Format
@DEBUG (FROM) /FORTRAN filespecs
FORTRAN: name
MAIN.
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB FORDDT Execution]
STARTING FORTRAN DDT
>FORDDT command
filespecs is a list of FORTRAN programs and subroutines.
If the files have the type .FOR, you do not
have to include the /FORTRAN switch.
FORDDT command is any valid FORDDT command listed in Table n.
table n
forddt commands
ACCEPT variable/mode value
Changes the value of the specified variable. The mode
indicates the format you will use to type the value. Refer to
the following table for a list of the valid modes.
table n
modes for accept values
Mode Meaning Example
A Left-justified ASCII characters /MIXED/
enclosed in slashes. The
system accepts only the first
five characters.
C A complex number (two floating 1.25,79.01E-5
point numbers separated by
a comma).
D A double precision number. 6.2831853072
F A floating point number. 126.67
I An integer number. 68
O An octal number 777777
R Right-justified ASCII \TRYONE\
characters enclosed
in backslashes.
S A symbolic value which uses PSI(M)
the current value of the
variables. If M=3, the system
uses the value of PSI(3).
CONTINUE n
Continues execution of your program after encountering a
lablel at which a you have set a pause . If you want to
resume execution elsewhere, type a label after the CONTINUE
command.
GROUP n list
Sets up a string of variables which a TYPE command can refer
to by number rather than by name. For example, if you give
the command: GROUP 1 A,B,C, you can then give the command
TYPE 1 which is equivalent to TYPE A,B,C. The variable n is a
group number from 1 to 8 and list is a list of variable names
separated by commas.
LOCATE n
Lists the modules in which a given symbol is defined. You may
then give the name of this module as an argument to an OPEN
command. The variable n can be a variable, array, label, line
number or FORMAT statement number.
MODE list
Defines the default formats in which FORDDT prints the values
of variables. If you give more than one value, they must be
separated by commas. With more than one mode set, the system
types out the value of a variable once in each mode. The
modes are:
Mode Meaning
F Floating point
D Double precision
C Complex
I Integer
O Octal
A ASCII (left-justified)
R RASCII (right-justified)
OPEN name
Opens a subprogram so that you may manipulate the subprogram's
local variables. When you open a subprogram, the main program
or the subprogram you previously opened is automatically
closed; you may access only global variables and those
variables defined within the currently open subprogram. If
you do not specify a name, the system opens the main program.
PAUSE location
Causes FORDDT to temporarily stop execution of your program at
the specified location. You may resume execution by giving
the CONTINUE command. You may set up to 10 pause locations at
one time.
REMOVE location
Removes a pause at the specified location. If you do not give
a location and type the complete command name, the system
removes all pauses.
START location
Starts your program at the specified location which can be a
line number or a program name. If you do not type a location
(or if you type a program name), the system starts execution
at the beginning of the program.
STOP
Terminates the execution of your program, closes all files,
and returns you to command level.
TYPE list
Prints the value of one or more variable or array elements on
your terminal. The variable list is one or more variable
names, array names, or group numbers. You must precede a
group number with a slash. If you do not type any arguments
to the TYPE command, the system uses the arguments you gave in
the last TYPE command.
The MODE command determines how the values are printed; if
you do not give a MODE command, the system prints all values
in floating point form.
WHAT
Prints a list of groups and modes.
Operation
1. Type DEBU and press the ESC key; the system prints G (FROM).
@DEBUG (FROM)
2. If the source file specifications do not contain the file type
.FOR, type the /FORTRAN switch and leave a space; otherwise,
type (or use recognition on) the file specifications. The
system will compile the sources (if necessary), load them into
memory along with FORDDT, then transfer control to FORDDT.
@DEBUG (FROM) MORPAY
FORTRAN: MORPAY
MORPAY.
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB FORDDT Execution]
STARTING FORTRAN DDT
>>
3. Once the system prints the double angle bracket, you are at
FORDDT command level and may give any of the commands listed
in the preceeding table. In the example, the user gives the
START command which starts executio of his program.
>>START
Characteristics
The DEBUG command loads your FORTRAN program into memory along
with FORDDT, thereby destroying the contents of memory. Your
terminal is left at FORDDT command level.
Restrictions
You may use FORDDT to debug only FORTRAN programs.
Examples
The user debugs his FORTRAN program.
@DEBUG (FROM) MORPAY !Load the program with FORDDT
LINK: Loading
[LNKDEB FORDDT Execution]
STARTING FORTRAN DDT
>> PAUSE 10 !Pause at statement 10
>> PAUSE 18 !and at statement 18
>> START !Start the program
How much is the loan? 2500. !Type an amount
What is the interest rate? 12. !Type an interest rate
How long (in years) is the loan? 2. !The loan duration
The monthly payment is: $ 117.6836900
[Interest factor: 21.2433850]
PAUSE AT 10 IN MAIN PROGRAM !Execution reached statement 10
>> CONTINUE !Continue execution
1 25.00 92.68 2407.32
PAUSE AT 18 IN MAIN PROGRAM !Now statement 18
>> REMOVE 10 !Remove the pause at 10
>> C !Abbreviate continue
2 24.07 93.61 2313.71
PAUSE AT 18 IN MAIN PROGRAM
>> TYPE BALANC !Type the value of balance
BALANC = 2313.706
>> TYPE PP !And the principal payment
PP = 93.61053
>> C !Continue execution
3 23.14 94.55 2219.16
PAUSE AT 18 IN MAIN PROGRAM
>> GROUP 1,BALANC,PP,I !Set up a group 1 containing
BALANC, PP, and I, the
payment number
>> MODE F,I !Set the mode as floating
point, then integer
>> PAUSE 18 TYPING 1 !Type the values in group 1
whenever the statement 18
is encountered
>> WHAT !Print the status of FORDDT
OPEN SECTION: MAIN PROGRAM
GROUP AFTER PAUSE
1 0 18
GROUP 1: BALANC,PP,I
NO ARRAY SPECIFICATIONS
>> C !Continue execution
4 22.19 95.49 2123.67
PAUSE AT 18 IN MAIN PROGRAM
BALANC = 2123.667
= 18860070242
PP = 95.49210
= 18219524006
I =
%FRSAPR Floating underflow PC= 407713
0.0000000
= 4 !When you print an integer
value such as I in a
floating point format,
FORDDT issues a warning
>> ACCEPT BALANC/F 0.0 !Change the floating point
value of BALANC to 0.
BALANC = 0.0000000
>> C !Continue execution
5 0.00 0.00 0.00
FINAL PAYMENT IS: $ 0.00
TOTAL PRINCIPAL IS: $ 376.33
TOTAL INTEREST IS: $ 94.40
THE END !The program ends
END OF EXECUTION
CPU TIME: 1.76 ELAPSED TIME: 12.72
EXIT
@
File: Exec Node: FORTRAN Compiler, Up: Top
Function
The FORTRAN compiler produces object programs programs from
FORTRAN source programs.
Hints
To run a FORTRAN program:
1. Enter your source program into a file (by using EDIT).
2. Give the EXECUTE command to compile, load, and start your
program.
Use the FORDDT program to debug FORTRAN programs.
If you have a main program and assorted subroutines that required
special loading, refer to Chapter 8 which describes the
LOAD-class commands.
Operation
1. Enter your program into a file using EDIT.
@EMACS
C-X C-V SMALL.FOR
TYPE 101
101 FORMAT (' THIS IS A MINI FORTRAN PROGRAM.')
STOP
END
C-X C-S
Written: SMALL.FOR.1
C-C
@
2. Compile, load, and start your program by giving the EXECUTE
command.
@EXECUTE SMALL.FOR
FORTRAN: SMALL
MAIN.
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT SMALL Execution]
THIS IS A MINI FORTRAN PROGRAM.
STOP
END OF EXECUTION
CPU TIME: 0.08 ELAPSED TIME: 0.86
EXIT
@
Characteristics
The LOAD-class commands run the FORTRAN compiler to translate
your FORTRAN source program, thereby destroying the contents of
memory. Depending on the operation you request, your terminal
may or may not be left in EXEC.
Examples
The user executes a FORTRAN program.
@EXECUTE (FROM) ADDTWO.FOR !Give the EXECUTE command
FORTRAN: ADDTWO
MAIN.
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT ADDTWO Execution]
TYPE TWO NUMBERS.
23 45 !Type two numbers
ADDING 23.0000000 TO 45.0000000 GIVES 68.0000000
END OF EXECUTION
CPU TIME: 0.13 ELAPSED TIME: 0.72
EXIT
@
The user compiles a FORTRAN program.
@COMPILE (FROM) MORPAY.FOR
FORTRAN: MORPAY
MAIN.
@
The user combines three source programs to produce one object
program (C.REL), then loads that object program into memory.
@LOAD (FROM) A+B+C
FORTRAN: A
MAIN.
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@
The user compiles a main program (COMP) and its two subroutines
(ADDEM and DIFFER), then loads them into memory and starts them.
@EXECUTE (FROM) COMP,ADDEM,DIFFER !Give the EXECUTE command
FORTRAN: COMP
MAIN.
FORTRAN: ADDEM
ADDEM
FORTRAN: DIFFER
DIFFER
LINK: Loading
[LNKXCT COMP Execution] !Execution starts
TYPE TWO NUMBERS: 78 56 !Type two numbers
THE SUM IS: 134.0000000
THE DIFFERENCE IS: 22.0000000
STOP
END OF EXECUTION
CPU TIME: 0.14 ELAPSED TIME: 0.63
EXIT
@
File: Exec Node: GET Command, Up: Top
Function
The GET command clears memory; then loads it with a core image
program.
Hints
The only type of program that you may place in memory with the
aid of this command is a core image program. To produce a core
image program first give the LINK command to translate the
program and load it into memory; then second, give the SAVE
command to save the core image program in a file with the type
.EXE. Thus, you will normally specify a file with the type .EXE
when you give the GET command.
After issuing the GET command, you may start the program by
giving the START command. You may also merge another program in
core by giving the MERGE command.
Format
@GET (PROGRAM) filespec
filespec is the file specification of the file containing the
core image program. If you do not specify a type, the
system assumes it is .EXE.
Operation
1. Type GET and press the ESC key; the system prints (PROGRAM).
@GET (PROGRAM)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specification; then
press the RETURN key. Once your program is in memory, the
system prints an @.
@GET (PROGRAM) RTRANS.EXE.1
@
Errors
1. If the file does not contain a valid core image program the
system may print a ? and not place the program in memory.
@GET (PROGRAM) TEST.REL
?
@
Characteristics
The GET command:
Resets memory; then inserts a new program, thereby destroying
the previous contents.
Leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user places the program DIFFER.EXE.2 in memory.
@GET (PROGRAM) DIFFER.EXE.2
@
File: Exec Node: HELP Program, Up: Top
Function
The HELP program prints information about programs.
Hints
You can get information about most system programs by using the
HELP program.
Information about MIT supplied programs including
EMACS, and many DEC programs, is available in structured form
through the XINFO program. *Note XINFO: XINFO Program.
Format
@HELP name
name is the name of the program for which you need
information. The name is comprised of up to six
alphanumeric characters. If you want a list of
programs for which you can obtain information, use
an asterisk in place of name.
Operation
1. Type HELP and leave a space.
@HELP
2. Type the name of the program or an asterisk, then press the
RETURN key. The system prints the information.
@HELP EDIT
3. If you want to stop the printout, type a CTRL/O or two
CTRL/Cs.
Errors
1. If the system does not have any information on the particular
program, it prints the message:
?
%NO INFO ON "name"
where name is the name of the program which you typed.
Characteristics
After running the HELP program, the contents of memory are
destroyed and your terminal is in EXEC.
Restrictions
You may obtain information for most programs.
Examples
The user prints information about EDIT.
@HELP EDIT
SUMMARY OF EDIT COMMANDS
.
.
.
@
File: Exec Node: INFORMATION Command, Up: Top
Function
The INFORMATION command prints information about various system
and job parameters.
Hints
The SET command changes many of the parameters you can examine
with the INFORMATION command.
Format
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) parameter modifier
parameter is one of the parameters listed in the following
table.
modifier exists for some parameters and selects a
particular aspect of a parameter.
Table n
INFORMATION Parameters
AVAILABLE category
Prints a list of the unused system devices (if you type
DEVICES, or leave category blank) or unused terminal lines
(if you type LINES).
CARD-READER-INPUT-SET
Prints the definition list of the card reader input set.
COMMAND-LEVEL
Prints the status of the ERROR-RETRY and
LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD parameters.
DISK-USAGE (OF DIRECTORY) directory
Prints the number of pages allocated, the working page
limit, and the permanent page limit of the specified
directory. Also prints the number of pages available in
system storage. If you default the directory field or leave
it blank, the system prints the information for your
connected directory.
ERRORS
Prints information about disk and drum errors for your job.
FILE-STATUS (OF) jfn
Prints your connected directory name and for the specified
jfn (or each jfn if you leave jfn blank) prints the:
1. JFN number,
2. File specification, and
3. Access which opened the file.
The access describes the reason for opening the file and its
access condition. The reasons for opening a file are:
APPEND -for appending to the file
EXECUTE -for executing the file
NOT OPENED -you have identified the file in some way, but
not actually accessed its contents yet
PER PAGE TABLE -different part of the file are being
accessed differently
READ -for reading the file
WRITE -for writing the file
The access conditions are:
DATA ERROR -there is an error accessing the file
EOF -the file pointer is at the end of the file
If appropriate, the file's byte pointer is printed along
with its byte size. This represents the number of bytes
that have been transferred to or from the file.
The system also prints a list of the devices currently
assigned to your job.
JOB-STATUS
Prints your job number, user name, connected directory (if
different from your logged-in directory), and terminal
number.
LOGICAL-NAMES (OF) identifier
Prints the current logical names and their definitions which
are defined for your job (if you use the identifier JOB or
default the field), for the system (if you use the
identifier SYSTEM), or for both your job and the system (if
you use the identifier BOTH).
MEMORY-USAGE
Prints the number of memory pages assigned to the current
fork, the location and length of the entry vector, and on
each succeeding line:
1. The pages occupied by a file or program.
2. A file specification if the pages are shared, or PRIVATE
if they are private.
3. The page numbers of shared pages (if a page is mapped,
the system prints an @ and the file specification to
which it is mapped).
4. The access of the pages. The permitted accesses are:
R -Read access
W -Write access
CW -Execute, or
PER PAGE TABLE
MONITOR-STATISTICS
Prints a list of monitor and system performance statistics.
PROGRAM-STATUS
Prints the amount of central processor time you have used
since you have logged-in to the system and the amount of
time you have used in the command language interpreter
(EXEC). PROGRAM-STATUS also prints the status of the
PROGRAM UUOs and CONTROL-C parameters.
PSI-STATUS
Prints information about the pseudo-interrupt system which
includes whether the PSI system if ON or OFF, the level
table mask, the channel table mask, the levels in progress,
the numbers of the enabled channels, and the numbers of the
waiting channels.
SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION
Tells whether your job spools output IMMEDIATELY or it is
DEFERRED to when you logout.
SUBSYSTEM-STATISTICS
Prints the name of subsystems, the total runtime they have
incurred, the number of page faults per second they cause,
their size (in blocks), and their working-set size (in
pages).
SYSTEM-STATUS
Tells whether the operator is in attendence, logging-in on
remote terminals is allowed, logging-in on local terminals
is allowed, logging-in on pseudo-teletypes is allowed, and
if entries are being made in the fact file.
TAPE-PARAMETERS
Prints the current tape density (in bpi), tape parity (ODD
or EVEN), format (ANSII-ASCII, CORE-DUMP,
INDUSTRY-COMPATIBLE, or SYSTEM-DEFAULT), and record length.
TERMINAL-MODE
Prints information about your terminal type, links
(receiving or refusing), advice (receiving or refusing),
page mode (yes or no), length (decimal number), width
(decimal number), lowercase (yes or no), raise (yes or no),
flag (yes or no), indicate (yes or no), formfeed (yes or
no), tabs (yes or no), immediate (yes or no), fullduplex or
halfduplex. Refer to the terminal command and Chapter n for
more information about these parameters.
VERSION
Prints the system name, the date it was installed, and the
version of the command language interpreter (EXEC), then
prints the name and version of the program currently in
memory.
Operation
1. Type INFO and press the ESC key; the system prints RMATION
(ABOUT).
@INFORMATION (ABOUT)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the parameter name. If the
parameter does not have a qualifier, press the RETURN key and
the system prints the information.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS
SET TAPE DENSITY 800
SET TAPE PARITY ODD
SET TAPE FORMAT ANSI-ASCII
SET TAPE RECORD-LENGTH 80
@
3. If the parameter has a qualifier, type (or use recognition
on) the qualifier, press the RETURN key and the system prints
the information. You may default the qualifier by simply
omitting it.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) AVAILABLE LINES
0-2, 4-10, 12-14, 16-17, 25, 30-41, 44-54, 56-101, 107-125
@
Characteristics
The INFORMATION command does not change the contents of memory
and leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user lists the available device.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) AVAILABLE DEVICES
MTA1-3, PCDRO, FEO-3, PTY7-23
DEVICES ASSIGNED TO THIS JOB: TTY110
@
The user prints information about command level.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) COMMAND-LEVEL
SET NO COMMAND-LEVEL ERROR-RETRY
SET NO COMMAND-LEVEL LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD
SET PROGRAM UUOS (ALLOWED)
SET PROGRAM CONTROL-C (CAPABILITY)
@
The user finds out about his disk usage.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) DISK-USAGE (OF DIRECTORY)
431 PAGES ASSIGNED, 421 IN USE, 10 DELETED
2500 WORKING, 1300 PERMANENT ALLOWED
26249 SYSTEM PAGES FREE
@
The user gets information about his file-status.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) FILE-STATUS (OF JFN)
CONNECTED TO <MCKIE>. JFNS:
4 OTHER-USERS-FILES.RNO.2 READ, WRITE, 0,(7)
3 <SUBSYS>VTED.EXE.34 READ, EXECUTE
1 <SYSTEM>EXEC.EXE,282 READ, EXECUTE
DEVICES ASSIGNED TO THIS JOB: TTY110
@
The user prints his job-status.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) JOB-STATUS
JOB 14, USER MCKIE, TTY110
@
The user prints the meanings of his logical names.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) LOGICAL-NAMES (OF)
LIB => <FORTRAN-LIBRARY>
@
The user prints information about the contents of memory.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) MEMORY-USAGE
497. PAGES, ENTRY VECTOR LOC 435 LEN 2
0 PRIVATE R, W, E
1-10 @ <SUBSYS>VTED.EXE,34 4-13 R, CW, E
20-767 @ OTHER-USERS-FILES.RNO.4 0-747 R, W, E
@
The user prints information about his program-status.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) PROGRAM-STATUS
USED 0:00:20 IN 0:06:53
EXEC: 0:00:07.6
@
The user finds out about the state of the pseudo-interrupt
system.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) PSI-STATUS
PSI IS ON, LEVTAB=464, CHNTAB=467
LEVELS IN PROGRESS = NONE
CHANNELS ENABLED = 0, 1
CHANNELS WAITING = NONE
@
The user gets the system status.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) SYSTEM-STATUS
OPERATOR IS NOT IN ATTENDANCE
REMOTE LOGINS ALLOWED
LOCAL LOGINS ALLOWED
PSEUOD-TELETYPE LOGINS ALLOWED
CONSOLE TELETYPE LOGIN ALLOWED
FACT FILE ENTRIES ARE ENABLED
@
The user gets information about tape parameters.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS
SET TAPE DENSITY 1600
SET TAPE PARITY ODD
SET TAPE FORMAT CORE-DUMP
SET TAPE RECORD-LENGTH 1000
@
The user prints information about his terminal mode.
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE
TERMINAL TERMINET
RECEIVE LINKS
REFUSE ADVICE
TERMINAL NO PAGE
TERMINAL LENGTH 66
TERMINAL WIDTH 72
TERMINAL LOWERCASE
TERMINAL RAISE
TERMINAL NO FLAG
TERMINAL INDICATE
TERMINAL NO FORMFEED
TERMINAL NO TABS
TERMINAL NO IMMEDIATE
TERMINAL FULLDUPLEX
@
File: Exec Node: LOAD Command, Up: Top
Function
The LOAD command places one or more object files in memory,
forming a runnable program.
Hints
Having loaded a runnable program, you may then start it (by
giving the START command) or save it on disk (by giving the SAVE
command).
The INFORMATION (ABOUT) MEMORY-STATUS is useful for checking the
size and placement of your program in memory.
Special Cases
If you give only LOAD-command switches as arguments to a LOAD
command, the system appends the arguments you gave in the last
LOAD-class command which contained a file specification or LINK
switch, then executes the command. If there are no arguments to
recall, the system prints the message ?NO SAVED ARGUMENTS.
If you type the name of the source files used to produce the
desired object file(s), the system will update the object file if
it is older than any one of the corresponding source files.
Suppose you give the command:
@LOAD (FROM) NXTLAT.FOR
If NXTLAT.REL does not exist, or if it is older than the most
recent NXTLAT.FOR (i.e., it has a write date before the write
date of NXTLAT.FOR), then the system compiles NSTLAT.FOR to
produce an up-to-date NXTLAT.REL. After producing NSTLAT.REL,
the system loads it into memory.
Format
@LOAD (FROM) sources object,sources object,...
sources is one or more source file specifications preceded
and/or followed by switches. You must separate
the source files with plus signs. No spaces or
tabs are allowed. If you do not give a file type
in a file specification, the system looks for a
source file with one of the standard types listed
in Table n. If there is more than one file with a
standard file type, the system uses .FOR.
a space separates the source file specifications from the
object file specification. If you do not give an
object file specification, you do not have to
leave a space.
object is an object file specification. If you do not
give an object file specification, the system uses
the name of the last file in the corresponding
sources and the type .REL.
@name.typ You may store any portion of the command in a
file. That portion of the command is included -
just as if you typed it on your terminal -
whenever you type an @ followed by the name of the
file. You may use recognition in typing the file
specification, but the commands within the file
may not use recognition.
Table n
Standard File Types
Type Language
.ALG ALGOL
.CBL COBOL
.FAI FAIL
.FOR FORTRAN (default)
.MAC MACRO
.SAI SAIL
.SNO SNOBOL
Table n
LOAD Command Switches
You may use recognition to help you type a switch and any file
specification which is an argument to a switch. If you place a
switch before a set of sources, the switch applies to all the
files in that set of sources; if you place a switch after a file
specification in a set of sources, the switch applies to just
that file.
Switch Function
/ALGOL
(or a file with the type .ALG) Compiles the file using
ALGOL. When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /ALGOL switch
loads the DDT debugging program.
/BINARY
Generates a binary file for each set of source file
specifications. Normally, the system generates these binary
files, so this switch is useful in reversing a global
/NOBINARY switch.
/COBOL
(or a file with the type .CBL) Compiles the file using
COBOL. When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /COBOL switch
loads the COBDDT debugging program.
/COMPILE
(or an object file older than any one of the corresponding
source files) Produces an object file from the sources,
regardless of whether it is up-to-date or not. The
/NOCOMPILE switch causes the system to produce an object
file only if it is out-of-date; the /RELOCATABLE switch
causes the system to use an existing object file, regardless
of its date. Normally, the system assumes the action of the
/NOCOMPILE switch.
/CREF
Produces a cross-reference listing file for each file that
is compiled or assembled. The name of the output file is
the name of the last source file and the type is .CRF. You
can then give the CREF command to produce a listing.
/DDT
Loads the DDT debugger along with the program.
/DEBUG
Provides additional debugging information in the object
program (FORTRAN only).
/FAIL
(or a file with the type .FAI) Assembles the file with FAIL.
When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /FAIL switch loads the
DDT debugging language.
/FORTRAN
(or a file with the type .FOR or a non-standard type)
Compiles the file using FORTRAN. When used with the /DEBUG
switch, the /FORTRAN switch loads the FORDDT debugging
program.
/LIBRARY
Loads the file only if it is needed (i.e., one or more of
its declared entry symbols satisfies an undefined global
request in the source file). The system libraries are
always searched.
/LIST
Generates a disk listing file for each file that is compiled
or assembled. Give the PRINT command if you want a line
printer copy of the file. The listing file name is the name
of the last source file and the type is .LST. Unless you
specify this switch, the system does not generate a listing
file.
/MACRO
(or a file with the type .MAC) Assembles the file using
MACRO. When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /MACRO switch
loads the DDT debugging program.
/MAP:name.typ
Produces loader maps during the loading process and stores
them in the file name.typ. If you do not give a file name
and type, the system uses nnnLNK.MAP, where nnn is your job
number. The /MAP switch applies to the entire command, not
to just one file. If you use recognition input in typing
the file specification, the system creates a new generation
of the recognized file.
/NOBINARY
Inhibits the generation of an object file. This switch is
useful along with the /CREF or /LIST switch to produce
listings without additionally producing an object file.
/NOCOMPILE
Compiles a file only if it is out-of-date. Since the system
normally does this, the /NOCOMPILE switch is useful for
turning off a global /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE switch.
/NODEBUG
Omits loading a debugger with the program.
/NOLIST
Inhibits the generation of a listing file. Normally, the
system does not generate a listing file.
/NOOPTIMIZE
Inhibits the generation of optimized object files (FORTRAN
programs only).
/NOSEARCH
Loads all routines in a file, regardless of whether the
routines are referenced or not. This action is the default,
therefore it is useful in turning off the /SEARCH switch.
/NOSYMBOLS
Inhibits loading symbols with the program. Normally, the
system loads symbols with all programs.
/OPTIMIZE
Produces optimized object files (FORTRAN programs only).
/RELOCATABLE
Uses the existing object files, even though they may be
out-of-date. The /COMPILE switch causes the system to
always produce an object file; the /NOCOMPILE switch causes
the system to produce an object file only if the current one
does not exist or is out-of-date. Normally, the system
assumes the action of the /NOCOMPILE switch.
/SAIL
(or a file with the type .SAI) Assembles the file using
SAIL. When used with the /DEBUG switch, the /SAIL switch
loads the DDT debugging program.
/SEARCH
Is identical to the /LIBRARY switch.
/SNOBOL
(or a file with the type .SNO) Translates the file with
SNOBOL.
/SYMBOLS
Loads the program with its appropriate symbol table.
Normally, the system loads all programs with symbols.
Operation
1. Type LOAD and press the ESC key; the system prints (FROM).
@LOAD (FROM)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the sets of source
specifications and object specifications. Press the RETURN
key. The system loads the specified files.
@LOAD (FROM) TEST.FOR,SUB1.FOR
FORTRAN: TEST
FORTRAN: SUB1
LINK: LOADING
@
Errors
1. If you give a command and one of the source files is missing,
the system continues processing the command and prints the
message:
%SOURCE FILE MISSING - name.typ
where name.typ is the name and type of the source file.
Characteristics
The LOAD command runs the LINK program, thereby destroying the
contents of memory, and leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user loads a simple MACRO program.
@LOAD (FROM) TRANSL.MAC
MACRO: TRANSL
LINK: LOADING
@
The user combines three FORTRAN programs into one main program
and includes the entire subroutine package TYPE2.
@LOAD (FROM) 1+2+3,TYPE2
FORTRAN: 1
MAIN.
FORTRAN: TYPE2
TYPE2
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@
The user loads a MACRO program, producing a cross-reference
listing.
@LOAD (FROM) /CREF INIT.MAC+CONTRL.MAC+SUBS.MAC
MACRO: INIT
MACRO: CONTRL
MACRO: SUBS
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@
The user loads his programs, using the arguments in an indirect
file.
@LOAD (FROM) @TYP.CMD
FORTRAN: 1
MAIN.
FORTRAN: TYPE2
TYPE2
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@
The user loads his FORTRAN programs, but loading the library file
TYPE2 in library mode.
@LOAD (FROM) 1+2+3,TYPE2/LIBRARY
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@
File: Exec Node: LOGIN Command, Up: Top
Function
The LOGIN command tells the system you want to use its
timesharing resources, validates you as a user, and begins
charging your account. After creating your job, the system
executes the commands stored in the file LOGIN.CMD.
Hints
Obtain a valid user name, password, and account number from your
system manager.
You must type a CTRL/C before you can give the LOGIN command.
After the CTRL/C and before giving the LOGIN command, you may
give a TERMINAL command to tell the system which type of terminal
you have. You can also give the DAYTIME and INFORMATION commands
without being logged-in.
Special Cases
If you are allowed to have alphanumeric accounts, the system uses
the guide word (ACCOUNT) and you may type an alphanumeric string
for an account.
Format
@LOGIN (USER) user name (PASSWORD) password (ACCOUNT #) account
user name is your user name (comprised of up to 39
alphanumeric characters, including hyphen).
password is the password associated with your user name.
The password is comprised of up to 39 letters and
digits. You should keep your password secret.
account is your account number.
Operation
1. Type LOG and press the ESC key; the system prints
IN (USER)
@LOGIN (USER)
2. Type your user name and press the ESC key. The system prints
(PASSWORD). If you type an incorrect user name, the system
immediately prints a ? and returns to command level. If you
type the name of a files-only directory, the system prints
the following message and returns you to command level.
?YOU CANNOT LOG IN UNDER THAT DIRECTORY NAME
@LOGIN (USER) LANGLEY (PASSWORD)
3. Type your password (it is not printed) and press the ESC key;
the system prints (ACCOUNT #).
@LOGIN (USER) LANGLEY (PASSWORD) #(ACCOUNT #)
4. Type a valid account number and press the RETURN key; the
system prints a line containing your job number, terminal
number, and the date and time.
@LOGIN (USER) LANGLEY (PASSWORD) _ (ACCOUNT #) 10400
JOB 27 ON TTY16 16-JAN-76 15:54
@
Errors
1. If you type an incorrect password, the system prints the
following message and does not log you in.
?ILLEGAL PASSWORD
Reissue the command with the correct password.
2. If you type an incorrect account, the system prints the
following message and does not log you in.
?INCORRECT ACCOUNT
Reissue the command with the correct account.
Output
Once you have completed the LOGIN command, the system prints a
line that contains your job number, terminal number and the date
and time you logged in.
Next, the system prints any system messages which you have not
already seen. If you do not want to read the messages, type a
CTRL/O.
If you have exceeded your working disk storage allocation, the
system prints the message:
<directory> OVER WORKING STORAGE ALLOCATION BY n PAGES
where directory is your logged-in directory and n is the number
of pages by which you have exceeded your quota. You should
delete and expunge enough files so that you are under this quota;
otherwise the system may prohibit you from creating any new
files.
If another user has left you a message, the system prints:
YOU HAVE A MESSAGE, READ WITH RDMAIL
Use the RDMAIL program to read your mail.
If you have a LOGIN.CMD file and/or a COMAND.CMD file, the system
processes these files and prints:
END OF COMAND.CMD
and
END OF LOGIN.CMD
Characteristics
The LOGIN command is usually the first command that you give
after the initial CTRL/C and leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
You can give the LOGIN command only after you type a CTRL/C.
Examples
The user PAUL logs in to the system and finds he has a message.
@LOGIN (USER) PAUL (PASSWORD) _ (ACCOUNT #) 10231
JOB 23 ON TTY34 16-JAN-76 10:27
YOU HAVE A MESSAGE, READ WITH RDMAIL
@
File: Exec Node: LOGOUT Command, Up: Top
Function
The LOGOUT command closes all your open files, checks your disk
storage allocation, ends your job and prints a message. You may
also logout another job as long as it is logged-in under your
user name.
Format
@LOGOUT n
n is the job number of the job you want to logout. If you are
logging-out your current job (as is the common case), do not
type a number.
Operation
1. Type LOGO and press the ESC key; the system prints UT.
@LOGOUT
2. To logout your current job, press the RETURN key. If you are
over your disk storage allocation the system prints a
message.
@LOGOUT
KILLED JOB 13, USER LESTER, ACCT 10563, TTY 45 AT 16-JAN-76 20:03:01
USED 0:1:46 IN 3:44:12
3. If you are logging out another job, type the job number and
press the RETURN key.
@LOGOUT 23
@
Errors
1. If you try to logout another user's job, the system ignores
the LOGOUT command and prints the message:
?WHEEL OR OPERATOR SPECIAL CAPABILITY REQUIRED TO LOGOUT
ANOTHER JOB
2. If no user is logged-in under that job number, the system
ignores the LOGOUT command and prints the message:
?THAT JOB DOES NOT EXIST
Output
If you exceed your permanent disk storage allocation, the system
prints the message:
<directory> OVER PERMANENT STORAGE ALLOCATION BY n PAGES
where directory is your logged-in directory and n is the number
of pages by which your storage exceeds its quota. You should
log-in and delete enough files to remain under quota.
Characteristics
The LOGOUT command:
Resets your job, unless you are logging-out another job, in
which case it does not change the contents of memory.
Leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
You cannot logout another user's job.
You cannot give a job number when you are logging-out your own
job.
Examples
The user logs out his own job, but is over his permanent disk
storage allocation by 5 pages.
@LOGOUT
<HARDING>OVER PERMANENT STORAGE ALLOCATION BY 5 PAGES.
KILLED JOB 36, USER HARDING, ACCT 34, TTY 2, AT 16-JAN-76 3:04:01
USED 0:0:23 IN 0:5:12
The user logs out job 34 which is logged-in under his user name.
@LOGOUT 34
@
File: Exec Node: MACRO Assembler, Up: Top
Function
The MACRO assembler produces object programs from MACRO source
programs.
Hints
A program written in the MACRO assembly language may contain
machine language instructions, assembler pseudo-ops and monitor
calls.
To run a MACRO program:
1. Enter your source program into a file (usually you will use
EDIT),
2. Give the EXECUTE command to assemble, load and start your
program.
If you have a main program and assorted subroutines that require
special loading, refer to Chapter n which describes the
LOAD-class commands. Also refer to the description of the LINK
program.
The best way to produce a listing file for a MACRO program is to
give a LOAD-class command with the /CREF switch. In addition to
your relocatable binary program, the system then produces a file
with cross-reference information about symbols. Give the CREF
command to process this file and print it. Refer to the
examples.
Operation
1. Enter your program into a file using EDIT.
@EMACS
C-X C-V TEST1.MAC
TITLE TEST1
SEARCH MONSYM
TEST1: RESET
HRROI T1,[ASCIZ /This is only a test program!
/]
PSOUT
HALTF
END TEST1
C-X C-S
Written: TEST1.MAC.1
C-C
@
2. Compile, load, and start your program.
@EXECUTE (FROM) TEST1.MAC
MACRO: TEST1
LINK: LOADING
[LNKXCT TEST1 EXECUTION]
THIS IS ONLY A TEST PROGRAM!
@
Characteristics
Giving a LOAD-class command to run a MACRO program destroys the
contents of memory and, depending on the command, may or may not
leave you in EXEC.
Examples
The user compiles his MACRO program.
@COMPILE (FROM) VTED
MACRO: VTED
EXIT
@
The user compiles his program, producing a file which is used by
the CREF command to produce a cross-reference listing.
@COMPILE (FROM) /CREF INOUT
MACRO: INOUT
EXIT
@CREF !Give the CREF command
CREF: CRF
@
The user combines two files to produce one source program, then
loads them into memory.
@LOAD (FROM) DEFS+PROMPT
MACRO: PROMPT
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@
The user loads his main program (REINIT) and two subroutines
(MEMDMP and CONFIG) into memory, saves the resulting program,
then runs the program.
@LOAD (FROM) REINIT,MEMDMP,CONFIG
MACRO: REINIT
MACRO: MEMDMP
MACRO: CONFIG
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@SAVE
REINIT.EXE.1 SAVED
@START (PROGRAM)
NAME OF FILE TO INITIALIZE: SYMTAB.EXT.2 [NEW FILE]
CONFIGURATION COMPLETED.
ANOTHER FILE? NO
[DONE!]
@
File: Exec Node: MAIL Program, Up: Top
Function
The MAIL program sends a message (commonly referred to as mail)
to another user or group of users.
Special Cases
If the recipient of a message is logged-in at the time you send a
message to him, the system prints the following line on his
terminal:
[YOU HAVE A MESSAGE]
(If the user's terminal is in any mode other than ASCII, the
system does not print the above n message.)
If a user has not read a message by running the RDMAIL program,
the system prints the line:
YOU HAVE A MESSAGE, READ WITH RDMAIL
on his terminal whenever he logs-in to the system.
Hints
The RDMAIL program allows you to read mail sent to you by another
user.
You can type a ? after any one of the queries (i.e., TO:, CC:,
SUBJECT:, and MESSAGE:) and the system prints a short summary of
what you are expected to type.
Normally if you have a list of users to whom you are sending
mail, you must type their user names on the line following TO:
or CC: (for copies to). But, if you have a long list of user
names you can enter them into an indirect file using EDIT. Then,
in the place of the user names, type an at-sign and type (or use
recognition on) the file name and type. Refer to the second
example.
Operation
1. Start the program by typing (or using recognition on) the
name MAIL, then press the RETURN key. The system leaves a
blank line and prints TO:
@MAIL
TO:
2. Type (or use recognition on) the list of user names;
separate them with commas. If you are using an indirect file
(i.e., you have stored the list of user names in a file),
type an @, then type or use recognition on the file name and
type. The system then prints CC:.
TO: HURLEY, MILLER, MURPHY, @USERS.LST
CC:
3. Type or use recognition on the user names to whom you want to
send copies of the mail. You may use an indirect file here
also. The system prints SUBJECT:.
CC: @MEMOS.DIR
SUBJECT:
4. Type a one-line heading for the message, then press the
RETURN key. The system prints the line:
SUBJECT: SYSTEM CHARGES
MESSAGE (TERMINATE WITH ESC OR ^Z):
5. Type the message; when you are finished, press the key
labeled ESC.
If you wish, you may type the message into a file; if you
did so, at this time type an @ and then the file name and
type. Then, press the RETURN key. If the mail gets sent
without any errors, the system prints a three-line message
confirming that the mail was sent.
MESSAGE (TERMINATE WITH ESC OR ^Z):
WOULD YOU PLEASE SEND THE LIST OF NEW SYSTEM CHARGES
TO THE PROJECT SUPERVISORS?
THANKS.
$
PROCESSING MAIL...
NO ERRORS.
-DONE-
@
Errors
1. No user will receive more than one copy of the mail. Thus,
if you include a certain name once under the TO: and another
time under CC:, the system prints the message:
%DUPLICATE NAME PURGED - user name
and removes the duplicate name from the list of users who
will receive the mail.
2. If there is an error sending a message to a particular user,
the system prints the following error message:
user name NOT SENT
You should try to send the message again. If the second
attempt fails, report the problem by using the GRIPE program.
3. If you give a non-existent user name, the system ignores that
name and prints the message:
?ILLEGAL USER NAME - name
Characteristics
After you start the MAIL program, the contents of memory is
destroyed and your terminal is left at MAIL command level.
Answer the questions, type your message, press the ESC key and
your terminal will be left in EXEC. If you need
to return to EXEC immediately, type a CTRL/C.
Examples
The user sends mail to the users COHEN, BRUCKERT, and PORADA; a
copy is sent to user RICHER.
@MAIL
TO: COHEN, BRUCKERT, PORADA
CC: RICHER
SUBJECT: SYSTEM USERS
MESSAGE (TERMINATE WITH ESC OR ^Z):
PLEASE INFORM ALL NEW USERS OF THE LOCATIONS OF THE TERMINAL
ROOMS AND THE HOURS OF THEIR OPERATION.
$
PROCESSING MAIL...
NO ERRORS.
-DONE-
@
The user sends mail to two users and a list of users stored in
the file REST.FIL. One user, WYMAN, occurred twice so the system
eliminated the redundancy.
@MAIL
TO: MCCARTHY, TOLMAN, @REST.FIL
CC: LEWINE, WYMAN
%DUPLICATE NAME PURGED - WYMAN
SUBJECT: MAINTENANCE
MESSAGE (TERMINATE WITH ESC OR ^Z):
PLEASE BE ADVISED THAT THE SYSTEM WILL BE DOWN FROM 0100 TO
0300 FOR MAINTENANCE.
$
PROCESSING MAIL...
NO ERRORS.
-DONE-
@
The user sends a message stored in the file MACRO.CMD to the user
ALUSIC.
@MAIL
TO: ALUSIC
CC:
SUBJECT: MACRO FILES
MESSAGE (TERMINATE WITH ESC OR Z):
@MACRO.CMD.1
PROCESSING MAIL...
NO ERRORS.
-DONE-
@
File: Exec Node: MAKLIB Program, Up: Top
Function
The MAKLIB program updates files containing one or more object
programs and manipulates the individual programs within these
files. Languages that output object programs are MACRO, FORTRAN,
COBOL, ALGOL, and BLISS-10.
Hints
A program can be complete, or can be just a set of subroutines.
One reason for collecting a group of object programs into one
file is to enable LINK to use the file as a library (see the LINK
Reference Manual). The updating process employs three files:
1. A master file containing the file to be updated,
2. A transaction file containing the object programs to be used
when updating, and
3. An output file containing the updated file.
All three files can be on the same device if it is DSK.?
Format
@MAKLIB
*output dev:file.typ=master dev:file.typ/switch:(object-programs)
transaction dev:file.typ/switch:(object-programs)
output dev: is the device on which the updated file is
written. If you omit the device, MAKLIB
assumes DSK.
master dev: is the device containing the file to be
updated. If you omit the device, MAKLIB
assumes DSK:. To separate the master file
and transaction file, use a comma.
transaction dev: is the device containing the object programs
that MAKLIB will use in updating.
Note that the default for the device is DSK:.
file.typ is the name and type of each file. You must
specify file names for directory devices, but
you may omit the types. If you omit a type,
MAKLIB assumes it is .REL unless you include
the /L switch in the command string. In this
case, MAKLIB assumes the output file type is
.LST.
Progject-programmer numbers appearing after a
file name apply to that file only. If the
project-programmer number appears before the
file name, it applies to all subsequent files
until you specify another device.
MAKLIB gives the master file's protection
code to the output file.
You may use the asterisk wildcard character
in input file specifications.
(object-programs) are the names of programs that MAKLIB will
use in updating. Group these within
parentheses in the same order in which they
appear in the file, and separate them by
commas. While you are manipulating all the
programs in a file, you need specify only the
file name. You may not specify program names
for the output file.
/switch specifies a function you wish MAKLIB to
perform. Each function causes the updated
file to be output to the specified device.
You may use recognition in typing a switch.
Table n
MAKLIB Switches
Switch Function
/APPEND Appends the specified object programs in the
transaction file(s) to the master file, and
adds these programs to the end of the output
file.
/NOLOCAL Compresses the master file by deleting local
symbols. These symbols are included in
object programs primarily because they are
useful in debugging.
NOTE
Local symbols cannot be deleted from .REL
files; for these files, the /NOLOCAL switch
will be ignored. Large libraries of debugged
routines, such as LIBOL, frequently have the
local symbols deleted in order to save disk
space and reduce the amount of I/O required
during the loading process.
/DELETE Deletes the specified object programs from
the master file.
/EXTRACT Extracts the specified files and/or object
programs from the input files. If you do not
specify program names, MAKLIB extracts the
entire file.
/HELP Types the commands and switches available.
/INSERT Inserts object programs from the specified
transaction files into the master file.MAKLIB
inserts the programs in the transaction files
immediately before those programs specified
by /M in the master file. A comma is used to
separate the transaction files.
/INDEX Writes index blocks into a library file on
disk. Indexes cannot be written on magnetic
tape. Index blocks are used in a direct
access library search. (See the LINK
Reference Manual)
/LIST Lists the names and lengths of all object
programs within a file. The length is in one
of two forms: 1) low segment break/high
segment break or 2) program break/absolute
break.
NOTE
MAKLIB does not output the length of FORTRAN
programs.
The name of the master file is the default
file name for spooled output.
/MASTER Specifies which programs in the master file
are to be used in inserting and replacing.
/POINTS Lists all the entry points within an object
program. These are listed across the page.
The name of the master file is the default
file name for the spooled output.
/REPLACE Replaces the specified object programs in the
master fie with the specified object programs
in the transaction file. The number of
replacing programs must be the same as the
number of programs to be replaced.
Operation
1. Type the program name MAKLIB, then press the RETURN key.
When the MAKLIB program has started, it prints an asterisk on
your terminal.
@MAKLIB
*
2. After the asterisk, type a command comprised of an output
device (if needed) and file, an equals sign, a master device
and file, any necessary switch, a colon if the switch
requires one, and any necessary object programs followed by a
comma. (If the switch you use requires you to specify a
transaction device, see the next paragraph.) Then press the
RETURN key. MAKLIB prints any output your switch has
requested: in this case, a list of programs and their
segment breaks. When MAKLIB is finished, it prints a second
asterisk.
*TTY:=TSTLB2/LIST
SORT 401745 007136
MAIN 000444 001400
TESTER 011473 001400
*
If you have used a switch that requires you to specify a
transaction device and/or file, continue your command by
typing this information after the comma; then type any
necessary switch, a colon if the switch requires one, and any
necessary object programs. Press the RETURN key. When
MAKLIB is finished, it prints a second asterisk.
*LIBRY=LIBRY/MAS:TESTER, TSTBL1/INSERT:DUMP
*
3. After MAKLIB prints the second asterisk, you can give another
command to MAKLIB. If you want to stop MAKLIB, type a
CTRL/C.
* C
@
NOTE
To end a command line, press the RETURN key. To
continue the command on the next line, type a hyphen
on your current line and then press the RETURN key.
You may include comments on the MAKLIB command string by
preceding each comment with a semicolon. MAKLIB ignores all
characters after the semicolon--except for escape--until the
next line feed, vertical tab, or form feed character.
Characteristics
The @MAKLIB command:
Runs the MAKLIB program, thereby destroying the previous
contents of memory.
Places your terminal at MAKLIB command level.
Examples
@MAKLIB
*TTY:=TSTLB2/LIST List the programs in
TSTLB2.REL on the terminal.
SORT 401745 007136
OVRLAY 402736 000544
MAIN 000444 001400
TESTER 011473 001400
*LIBRY=TSTLB2,POLSTR/APP:PS Create a library containing
TSTLB2.REL and the program PS
from the file POLSTR.REL.
List the contents of the
library.
*TTY:=LIBRY/LIST
SORT 401745 007136
OVRLAY 402736 000544
MAIN 000444 001400
TESTER 011473 001400
PS 000414
*LIBRY=LIBRY/MAS:(SORT,MAIN),TSTBL1/REP:EDITOR,-
Replace SORT with the program
EDITOR and replace the program
MAIN with the program INPUT.
List the entry points in the
new library.
POLSTR/REP:INPUT
*TTY:=LIBRY/POINTS
EDITOR
OVRLAY GETOV. INIOV. LOGOV. REMOV. RUNOV. .OVRLA .OVRLU
INPUT INPBYT INPUT STRING
TESTER TESTER
PS
*LIBRY=LIBRY/MAS:TESTER,TSTBL1/INSERT:DUMP
Insert the program DUMP from
the file TSTBL/-.REL into the
library before TESTER.
*TTY:=LIBRY/LIST
EDITOR 000130
OVRLAY 402736 000544
INPUT 000043
DUMP 000206
TESTER 011473 001400
PS 000414
*LIBRY=LIBRY/DELETE:(EDITOR,OVRLAY,PS)
Delete EDITOR, OVERLAY and PS.
Delete local symbols. Index
the library.
*LIBRY=LIBRY/NOLOC
*LIBRY=LIBRY/INDEX
*/EXIT
File: Exec Node: MERGE Command, Up: Top
Function
The MERGE command places an .EXE file in memory, merging it with
any existing program.
Hints
The INFORMATION (ABOUT) MEMORY-USAGE command is useful in
checking the operation of the MERGE command.
Special Cases
Generally, any currently assigned memory is left intact except
where pages of the new file overlap the pages of the existing
file. In that case, the pages of the new file replace the pages
of the existing file.
The MERGE command does not alter the entry vector.
Format
@MERGE (PROGRAM) filespec
filespec is the file specification of the file you want to
merge. If you do not give a file type, the system
uses .EXE.
Operation
1. Type MERG and press the ESC key; the system prints E
(PROGRAM).
@MERGE (PROGRAM)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specification, then
press the RETURN key. The system prints an @ when the merge
is complete.
@MERGE (PROGRAM) TOPTAP.EXE.1
@
Errors
1. If the program is not in the form of an EXE file, the system
may print the message:
?UNEXPECTED END-OF-FILE TRAP IN EXEC AT 15432
Make sure you have specified the correct file.
2. If the program is not in the form of an EXE file, the system
may merge it, however, later you may receive the message:
?ENTRY VECTOR IS NOT LESS THAN 777
Make sure you have specified the correct file.
Characteristics
The MERGE command changes the contents of memory and leaves your
terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user merges the program TESTOP.EXE with the program currently
in memory.
@MERGE (PROGRAM) TESTOP.EXE
@
The user places the RTRANS program in memory, checks it by giving
the INFORMATION command, merges the PA1050 program, then finally
checks the contents of memory again.
@GET (PROGRAM) SYS:RTRANS.EXE.20
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) MEMORY-USAGE
4. PAGES, ENTRY VECTOR LOC 140 LEN 254000
0-3 <OLD>RTRANS.EXE.20 2-5 R, CW, E
@MERGE (PROGRAM) SYS:PA1050.EXE.395
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) MEMORY-USAGE
27. PAGES, ENTRY VECTOR LOC 140 LEN 254000
0-3 <OLD>RTRANS.EXE.20 2-5 R, CW, E
700-726 <SUBSYS>PA1050.EXE.395 1-27 R, E
@
File: Exec Node: PLEASE Program, Up: Top
Function
The PLEASE program helps you communicate with the operator.
After starting the PLEASE program, you may communicate with the
operator in a two-way conversation.
Operation
1. Start the program by typing PLEASE, then press the RETURN
key. The system prints WHAT IS THE OPERATOR'S ID?.
@PLEASE
WHAT IS THE OPERATOR'S ID?
2. Type the operator's identification. The operator's
identification may be obtained from the system manager or by
contacting the operator in person. Most of the time, just
pressing the RETURN key will link your terminal with the main
operator's terminal. The system prints ENTER TEXT:.
WHAT IS THE OPERATOR'S ID?
ENTER TEXT:
3. Type the message you want to send to the operator, ending the
first line by pressing the RETURN key. If the operator is
not busy, the system prints [OPERATOR HAS BEEN NOTIFIED];
otherwise it prints [OPERATOR IS BUSY. PLEASE WAIT.].
ENTER TEXT: HOW CAN I GET SOME MORE PAPER FOR MY TERMINAL?
[OPERATOR HAS BEEN NOTIFIED.]
4. If you get the message [OPERATOR HAS BEEN NOTIFIED.],
continue typing your message to the operator. Whatever you
type is printed on the operator's terminal, and whatever the
operator types is printed on your terminal.
When you are finished typing, press the ESC key. The system
prints [FINISHED AT hh:mm:ss], where hh:mm:ss is the current
time.
[OPERATOR HAS BEEN NOTIFIED.]
DID YOU LOOK IN THE STORAGE ROOM BEHIND YOU?
NO, WAIT A MINUTE I'LL SEE... OK THERE IS SOME,
THANKS.
$
[FINISHED AT 23:54:15]
@
5. If you get the message [OPERATOR IS BUSY. PLEASE WAIT.],
continue typing; your message is stored inside the system
until the operator is available. When the operator is
available and is sent your message, two-way communication, as
described in step 4, starts. The system prints [OPERATOR HAS
BEEN NOTIFIED.] to tell you that you are in two-way
communication. When you are done, press the ESC key. The
system prints the FINISHED message.
[OPERATOR IS BUSY. PLEASE WAIT.]
[OPERATOR HAS BEEN NOTIFIED.]
I LOOKED IN THE SUPPLY ROOM NEAR THE WINDOW AND
THERE IS NO PAPER.
HI. SORRY FOR THE WAIT. DID YOU LOOK IN THE STORAGE ROOM
BEHIND YOU?
NO, WAIT A MINUTE AND I WILL. THANKS, ITS THERE. BYE.
$
[FINISHED AT 23:59:10]
@
Characteristics
After you start the PLEASE program, the contents of memory is
destroyed and your terminal is left at PLEASE command level.
Type your message and press the ESC key to finish; at that time
you are returned to Twenex command level. If you must return to
EXEC immediately, type a CTRL/C.
Examples
The user sends a message to the operator telling him that his
terminal needs a new ribbon.
@PLEASE
WHAT IS THE OPERATOR'S ID?
ENTER TEXT: COULD YOU INSTALL A NEW RIBBON IN TERMINAL S/N 64?
[OPERATOR HAS BEEN NOTIFIED]
OK, IN ABOUT AN HOUR.
THANKS$
[FINISHED AT 11:04:58]
@
File: Exec Node: POP Command, Up: Top
Function
The POP command terminates the current command level and returns
you to the next higher level. The system terminates all inferior
processes and closes any files associated with those processes.
Hints
After giving the POP command, you can give the CONTINUE command
to resume execution of a program you had previously stopped by
typing two CTRL/Cs.
The PUSH command performs the exact opposite function by creating
an inferior copy of the command language.
Format
@POP (COMMAND LEVEL)
There are no arguments to the POP command.
Operation
1. Type POP and press the ESC key; the system prints (COMMAND
LEVEL).
@POP (COMMAND LEVEL)
2. Press the RETURN key; when the system has terminated the
current command level, it prints an @.
@POP (COMMAND LEVEL)
@
Errors
1. If there is no higher level, the system ignores the command
and prints the message:
?NO HIGHER COMMAND LEVEL
Characteristics
The POP command destroys the contents of memory, terminates the
current EXEC, and returns your terminal to the EXEC from which you
gave the most recent PUSH command.
Examples
The user terminates the current command level.
@POP (COMMAND LEVEL)
@
File: Exec Node: PRINT Command, Up: Top
Function
The PRINT command places entries into, examines the contents of,
or removes entries from the line printer output queue.
Hints
The line printer output queue is a list of jobs waiting to be
printed.
To examine the contents of the entire queue, give just the PRINT
command; if you want just your job(s), include the /CHECK
switch. To examine the contents of both the line printer and
Batch input queues, give the QUEUE command without any arguments.
If you want to examine just your jobs, include the /CHECK switch.
(The QUEUE command destroys the contents of memory and leaves
your terminal in EXEC.)
Format
@PRINT jobname=filespecs/switches
jobname is the name you want to assign to the printing
job. If you do not type a jobname, the system
uses the name of the first file you want to print.
When omitting the jobname, you may also omit the
equals sign.
filespecs is a list of file specifications, separated by
commas. Each file specification may contain only
a device name, file name and file type. If the
file type is .LST, you do not have to include it
in the file specification. To print a file from
another user's directory, connect to the
directory, then give the PRINT command.
Alternatively, you may include a
project-programmer number after the file
specification.
switches is a list of switches selected from Table n. If
you want a switch to apply to only one file, place
the switch after the particular file
specification; if you want the switch to apply to
all the following files in the list, place the
switch before the file specifications.
To print the contents of the line printer output
queue, give the PRINT command without any
arguments.
Table n
Print Command Switches
/AFTER:time
Submits the file for printing after the specified time. The
argument time is in the form hh:mm (24-hour time of day), or
+hh:mm (time later than the current time). You must
separate the hours from minutes by typing a colon.
/CHECK
Prints only your entries in the line printer output queue.
(Normally, the system prints all the entries in the line
printer output queue.)
/COPIES:n
Makes n copies of the file(s). The argument n (the number
of copies) must be less than 64. Normally, the PRINT
command makes one copy of each file.
/DELETE
Immediately removes the file from your directory, does not
count its size in your permanent disk space allocation and
deletes the file after it is printed. This is the default
if the file has a .LST file type.
/FILE:ASCII, Up: Top
Specifies that the file is in ASCII text format. This is
assumed for all files with file types other than .DAT.
/FILE:COBOL, Up: Top
Specifies that the file contains COBOL SIXBIT text.
/FILE:FORTRAN, Up: Top
Specifies that the file contains FORTRAN ASCII text and
obeys the conventions of FORTRAN control characters. This
is assumed for all files with the type .DAT.
/FORMS:size
Asks the operator to mount the specified forms before the
system prints the job. The argument size must be six (or
less) alphanumeric characters; usually it is either NARROW
(for 8 1/2 x 11 paper) or NORMAL (for 15 x 11 paper).
/HEADER:n
Outputs block headers at the beginning of each file (if you
do not give the switch, or if n is 1), or else suppresses
the headers (if n is 0). The header contains the name of
the file, the date of the request and other useful
information.
/HELP
Prints the general syntax of the PRINT command, including a
complete list of switches.
/HELP:SWITCHES
Prints a list of all the switches, along with a brief
description of each.
/KILL
Removes the specified jobnames from the line printer output
queue. When you give the /KILL switch, type a jobname or
the /SEQ switch on the left side of the equals sign before
typing the switch /KILL on the right side. If more than one
job has the same jobname, use the /SEQ switch to identify
the proper job.
/LIST
Prints information about the specified jobnames in the line
printer output queue. If you do not specify a jobname, the
system prints the status of the entire line printer output
queue.
/NOTE:text
Prints the string text (not more than 12 characters) on the
header page. If text contains non-alphanumerics, enclose it
in double quotes.
/REPORT:code
Includes only those lines that begin with the specified code
of up to twelve alphanumeric characters. When these lines
are printed, the system strips the code before printing the
line.
/SEQ:n
Aids you in specifying the exact job to kill. The number
argument n is the sequence number listed when you examine
the contents of the line printer output queue.
/START:n
Starts printing on the nth line of the file. If you omit
this switch, the system always starts at the beginning of
the file.
Operation
1. Type PRINT and leave a space.
@PRINT
2. Type the list of file specifications and switches, then press
the RETURN key.
@PRINT TEST.OUT/FORTRAN, ENABLE.MAC/COPIES:2
[LPT:TEST=/SEQ:2040/LIMIT:200, Z FILES]
@
Output
If you are printing a file, the system prints a message in the
form:
[LPT:jobname=/SEQ:n/LIMIT:p, f FILES]
jobname is the name of your job, n is the sequence number, p is
the number of pages in your print request and f is the number of
files in that request.
If you are killing a job, the system prints a message in the
form:
[n JOB(S) KILLED]
where n is the number of jobs you removed from the queue.
The system prints the contents of the line printer output queue
in the form:
DEV USER JOB SEQ PRIO LIMIT AFTER
LPT MCKIE TEST 170 10 42
PLPT0 * MILLER KMON 165 10 115
* JOB BEING OUTPUT NOW
TOTAL: LPT: 2 JOBS; 167 PAGES
DEV is the device name. The device name is LPT until the job is
actually being printed, then the system changes the device name
to the physical printer number PLPT0. USER is the user name who
is printing the job. JOB is the jobname; SEQ is the sequence
number; PRIO is the priority number; LIMIT is the number of
pages in the request and AFTER is the length of time the system
must wait before printing the file (usually it is 0).
Characteristics
The PRINT command runs the QUEUE program, thereby destroying the
contents of memory and leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
To print a file from another user's directory, either connect to
the directory and then given the PRINT command, or (while
connected to your directory) precede the file specification with
a project-programmer number, you may not use a logical name.
You may use recognition only on the command name.
Examples
The user prints the file DATA.FIL.
@PRINT DATA.FIL
[LPT:DATA=/SEQ:101/LIMIT:10, 1 FILE]
@
The user prints four files with the note RUN4 on the header page.
@PRINT INDEP.VAR,DEPEND.VAR,ERROR.DEV,TIMES.VAR/NOTE:RUN4
[LPT:INDEP=/SEQ:102/LIMIT:235, 4 FILES]
@
The user removes the entry he made in the last example. All four
files are killed.
@PRINT INDEP=/KILL
[1 JOB KILLED]
@
File: Exec Node: PUSH Command, Up: Top
Function
The PUSH command preserves the program in the current command
level and creates an inferior command level. After creating the
new command level the system prints a message and takes commands
from the file COMAND.CMD.
Hints
You can type two CTRL/Cs to stop your program, then give a PUSH
command to create a new command level. Run programs to create
new files or perform other functions, then give a POP command to
return to the original command level. Then, if you give a
CONTINUE command, you will resume execution of your original
program.
The POP command performs the exact opposite function of the PUSH
command. The POP command terminates the current command level.
Format
@PUSH (COMMAND LEVEL)
There are no arguments to the PUSH command.
Operation
1. Type PUSH and press the ESC key; the system prints (COMMAND
LEVEL).
@PUSH (COMMAND LEVEL)
2. Press the RETURN key; the system prints a message followed
by an @ when it has created a new command level.
@PUSH (COMMAND LEVEL)
TOPS-20 1(100)
@
Errors
1. If another command level is not available from the system
resources, the system ignores your command and prints the
message:
?INSUFFICIENT RESOURCES AVAILABLE
Characteristics
The PUSH command preserves the contents of memory, and leaves
your terminal in a new EXEC with a fresh copy of
memory. Give the POP command to terminate this new EXEC
and return to the old one, restoring the preserved contents of
memory.
Examples
The user creates a new command level.
@PUSH (COMMAND LEVEL)
TOPS-20 1(100)
@
File: Exec Node: RDMAIL Program, Up: Top
Function
The RDMAIL (for Reading MAIL) program prints any messages which
you have received.
Hints
If you have received a message since the last time you logged-in
to the system, the line:
YOU HAVE A MESSAGE, READ WITH RDMAIL
is printed when you log-in to the system.
If someone sends you a message while you are logged-in to the
system, the line:
[YOU HAVE A MESSAGE]
is printed on your terminal.
To send a message, run the MAIL program.
Operation
1. Start the program by typing (or using recognition on) RDMAIL,
then press the RETURN key. The system prints
TIME AND DATE (/H FOR HELP).
@RDMAIL
TIME AND DATE (/H FOR HELP)
2. To receive all messages which you have not seen before, just
press the RETURN key. If you want to see all the messages
after a certain date and time, type the date and time in the
standard Twenex format of month/day/yr hr:min (where the
time is in 24-hour format). If you type just the date, the
system uses a time of 00:01.
There are switches which you may type following the date and
time to perform special operations. The switches and their
functions are outlined in Table n.
Table n
RDMAIL Switches
Switch Function
/A Prints all the messages, regardless of their date.
/H Prints a message outlining the format for the date
and listing the explanations of the switches.
/M Instructs RDMAIL to look at the system message
file, rather than your own message file.
/P Inhibits the printing of each message; RDMAIL
prints only the DATE:, FROM:, TO:, CC:, and
SUBJECT: lines.
/S Stops printing after each message. To make RDMAIL
continue, press the RETURN key.
You may add any switches together that you want; for instance,
/A/P lets you peruse all your messages.
After you type the date and time and any switches you want,
RDMAIL prints out the messages you requested.
TIME AND DATE (?H FOR HELP)
--------
DATE: 25-AUG-75 13:11
FROM: OPERATOR
TO: BOSACK
-----
SUBJECT: MAGNETIC TAPES
PLEASE REMOVE YOUR EXTRA MAGNETIC TAPES FROM THE OPERATOR'S TABLE
AS SOON AS YOU CAN.
========
@
Output
Each message starts with eight hyphens, then five hyphens precede
the subject line, and eight equals end the message.
Characteristics
After you start the RDMAIL program, the contents of memory is
destroyed and your terminal is left at RDMAIL command level.
Type the necessary command and your terminal will be left in
EXEC. If you need to return to EXEC immediately, type a CTRL/C.
Examples
The user reads all his mail since 3PM today.
@RDMAIL
TIME AND DATE (/H FOR HELP) 15:00
--------
DATE: 25-AUG-75 15:32
FROM: SYSTEM-MANAGER
TO: BOSACK
CC: OPERATOR
-----
SUBJECT: YOUR MAGTAPES
PLEASE REMOVE YOUR MAGNETIC TAPES FROM THE OPERATOR'S TABLE
IMMEDIATELY.
========
@
File: Exec Node: REENTER Command, Up: Top
Function
The REENTER command runs the program in memory, starting it at
the reenter address specified within the entry vector.
Hints
The REENTER command provides an easy way for you to start a
program at a place other than the beginning.
Format
@REENTER (PROGRAM)
There are no arguments to the REENTER command.
Operation
1. Type REEN and press the ESC key; the system prints TER
(PROGRAM).
@REENTER (PROGRAM)
2. Press the RETURN key, the system restarts the program in
memory.
@REENTER (PROGRAM)
CLOSING ALL FILES.....
FINISHED.
@
Errors
1. If the program does not have a reenter address, the system
ignores the command and prints the message:
?NO REENTER ADDRESS
2. If you do not have a program in memory, the system ignores
the command and prints the message:
?NO PROGRAM
Characteristics
The REENTER command continues the program in memory at the
reentry address specified in its entry vector. Your terminal is
left under control of the program.
Examples
The user starts BASIC, exits to command level, gives the DAYTIME
command, and REENTERs BASIC.
@BASIC
READY, FOR HELP TYPE HELP
MONITOR
@DAYTIME
Friday, JANUARY 16, 1976 11:10
@REENTER
READY
File: Exec Node: RENAME Command, Up: Top
Function
The RENAME command changes the file specification, account, and
protection number of a file.
Hints
If the new file specification refers to an existing file, the
contents of the renamed file supercede the contents of the
existing file. You cannot recover the contents of the existing
file.
Format
@RENAME (EXISTING FILE) filespec (TO BE) filespec;Pprot;Aaccount
filespec is the source file specification of the
file you are renaming.
filespec;Pprot;Aaccount is the new file specification,
protection, and account descriptor of
the source file.
Operation
1. Type RENA and press the ESC key; the system prints ME
(EXISTING FILE).
@RENAME (EXISTING FILE)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file you want to rename and
press the ESC key (if you did not use recognition). The
system prints (TO).
@RENAME (EXISTING FILE) TEST2.DAT.1 (TO)
If you type an incorrect file name, type or generation
number, the system prints one of the following messages.
Find the correct source file and reissue the command.
?NO SUCH FILENAME
?NO SUCH FILE TYPE
?FILE NOT FOUND
3. Type (or use recognition on) the new file specification and
(if you want to change them) the new protection and account;
then press the RETURN key.
@RENAME (EXISTING FILE) TEST2.DAT.1 (TO) TEST1.DAT.1
@
If the source file specification or the new file
specification has a wildcard character, the system prints
each source file specification, an arrow =>, and the
corresponding new file specification. When the renaming of a
file is complete, the system prints [OK]. If the rename
fails, the system prints a reason; often it is SOURCE FILE
IS NOT CLOSED.
If there are no wildcard characters in the file
specifications and you use recognition on the new file
specification (or leave a space after it), the system prints
one of the following messages identifying the class of the
type of the new file specification.
[OLD GENERATION] if you are superceding an existing file
[NEW GENERATION] if you are creating a new generation of
an existing file
[NEW FILE] if you are creating a new file.
Errors
1. If the source file you specify is open or mapped into memory,
the system prints the message:
?SOURCE FILE IS NOT CLOSED
You must give the CLOSE command before renaming the file.
Characteristics
The RENAME command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
The source file must be closed before it can be renamed.
Examples
The user renames the file DUMPER.TXT to be DUMPER.OLD.
@RENAME (EXISTING FILE) DUMPER.TXT.* (TO BE) DUMPER.OLD.-1
DUMPER.TXT.55 => DUMPER.OLD.1 [OK]
@
The user renames all files with the file type .TXT to have the
file type .FIL.
@RENAME (EXISTING FILE) *.TXT.* (TO BE) *.FIL
10.TXT.7 => 10.FIL.1 [OK]
7.TXT.23 => 7.FIL.1 [OK]
7A.TXT.61 => 7A.FIL.1 [OK]
MAIL.TXT.1 => MAIL.FIL.1 [OK]
NEWBAT.TXT.1 => NEWBAT.FIL.1 [OK]
SAVE.TXT.3 => SAVE.FIL.1 [OK]
SET.TXT.1 => SET.FIL.1 [OK]
SUBMIT.TXT.3 => SUBMIT.FIL.1 [OK]
TERMIN.TXT.2 => TERMIN.FIL.1 [OK]
VTED.TXT.16 => VTED.FIL.1 [OK]
WORDS.TXT.1 => WORDS.FIL.1 [OK]
@
File: Exec Node: RESET Command, Up: Top
Function
The RESET command clears memory and closes all open files.
Hints
The RESET command does not deassign any input-output devices
which are assigned to your job, nor does it change any logical
name assignments.
Format
@RESET
There are no arguments to the RESET command.
Operation
1. Type RESE and press the ESC key; the system prints T. Press
the RETURN key; when your job is reset the system prints an
@.
@RESET
@
Characteristics
The RESET command destroys the contents of memory and leaves your
terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user clears memory, closes all open files and checks the
contents of memory.
@RESET
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) MEMORY-USAGE
NO PROGRAM
@
File: Exec Node: REWIND Command, Up: Top
Function
The REWIND command rewinds a magnetic tape to its load point.
Hints
Remember to assign the tape drive to your job and have the
operator mount your tape on it.
Be sure you have the correct tape parameters set (check them with
the INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS command); if necessary,
give the SET TAPE command.
Format
@REWIND (DEVICE) dev:
dev: is the magnetic tape device name in the form MTAn:
where n is the drive number.
Operation
1. Type REWI and press the ESC key; the system prints ND
(DEVICE).
@REWIND (DEVICE)
2. Type the magnetic tape device name (the colon is optional)
and press the RETURN key. The system prints an @ when the
tape is rewound.
@REWIND (DEVICE) MTA2:
@
Errors
1. If the device is not on-line, the system ignores the command
and prints the message:
?DEVICE MUST BE ON-LINE
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator; then reissue
the command.
2. If a tape is not mounted on the drive, the system may print
the message:
?DEVICE OR DATA ERROR
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator; then reissue
the command.
Characteristics
The REWIND command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
The REWIND command works only for magnetic tapes.
Examples
The user rewinds his tape on drive 1.
@REWIND (DEVICE) MTA1:
@
File: Exec Node: RUN Command, Up: Top
Function
The RUN command clears memory, loads an executable program and
starts it.
Hints
If you are running another user's program, all you have to do is
type (or use recognition on) the proper file specification; you
do not have to give the RUN command.
The RUN command is equivalent to a combined GET and START
command.
Format
@RUN (PROGRAM) filespec
filespec is the file specification of the program you want
to run. If you omit the file type, the system
assumes .EXE.
Operation
1. Type RUN and press the ESC key; the system prints (PROGRAM).
@RUN (PROGRAM)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specification and press
the RETURN key. The system starts the program.
@RUN (PROGRAM) TELL
MESSAGES ARE BEING SENT...
DONE.
@
Characteristics
The RUN command leaves your terminal in user mode and destroys
the previous contents of memory.
Examples
The user runs the program TESTER.
@RUN (PROGRAM) TESTER
THIS IS A TEST OF THE DISK RECOVERY PROCEDURE.
HOW MANY DIRECTORIES? 5
NO ERRORS.
DONE.
@
File: Exec Node: SAVE Command, Up: Top
Function
The SAVE command saves the program in memory in a disk file or on
magnetic tape.
Hints
You may save a program after loading it into memory using the
LOAD command or the LINK program. Then, instead of giving the
EXECUTE command, you may now use the RUN command. To you this
means a saving in time and cost since the EXECUTE command
compiles, loads and starts your program while the RUN command has
only to get the memory image of the program and start it. Thus
you should SAVE all your production programs, then give the RUN
command to use them instead of the EXECUTE command.
The system saves the program in a file called an .EXE file. The
file type .EXE indicates that the program it contains is an
'EXEcutable' program.
Format
@SAVE (ON FILE) filespec
filespec specifies the file or magnetic tape drive on which
you want to save the program. If you do not
specify a file specification, the system uses the
name of the current program and the file type
.EXE.
Operation
1. Type SAVE and press the ESC key; the system prints (ON
FILE).
@SAVE (ON FILE)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specification, then
press the RETURN key. In using recognition on the file type,
the system defaults the output file type to .EXE. If you
want to use the default (the name of the current program and
the file type .EXE), press the RETURN key without typing a
file specification.
@SAVE (ON FILE) TEST.EXE.1 [NEW FILE] (PAGES FROM)
TEST.EXE.1 SAVED
@
Errors
1. If you have no program in memory, the system ignores the
command and prints the message:
?No program
Load a program into memory using the LOAD command or the LINK
program.
Characteristics
The SAVE command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user saves his program using the default file specification.
@SAVE (ON FILE)
PTYCON.EXE.1 SAVED
@
The user saves his program, giving his own file specification.
@SAVE (ON FILE) FINLK.EXE.2
FINLK.EXE.2 SAVED
@
The user saves the DUMPER program on magnetic tape drive 1.
@SAVE (ON FILE) MTA1:
MTA1: DUMPER SAVED
@
File: Exec Node: SET Command, Up: Top
Function
The SET command sets the value of various job parameters.
Hints
The INFORMATION command prints the values of many of the
parameters you can set with the SET command.
Format
@SET parameter value
parameter is the name of the parameter you want to set.
Table n lists the names of some of the
parameters you may set.
value is the value of the parameter. Some
parameters do not have values; they are
actions which are taken or not taken.
Table n
SET Command Parameters
ACCOUNT (NUMBER TO) number
Changes the account which the system charges for your use of
the computer and file storage. The account number may be a
number or (if you have the proper privleges) an alphanumeric
string.
ERROR-RETRY (OF COMMANDS)
Directs the system to reprint the text of an erroneous command
(minus the last erroneous field) on the line following the
error.
FILE ACCOUNT (OF FILES) filespec (TO) account
Charges the accounts of the specified files to the given
account number or string.
FILE GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT (OF FILES) FILESPECS (TO) number
Sets the number of generations of a file that will be kept.
Normally, this is one.
FILE PROTECTION (OF FILES) filespec (TO) protection
Changes the protection of the specified files to the given
protection number.
TAPE DENSITY (TO) density
Declares the default density for magnetic tape operations.
The valid densities are 200, 556, 800, and 1600 bpi (bits per
inch). If you are unsure what to use, type SYSTEM-DEFAULT.
The INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS prints the current
value of the density.
TAPE FORMAT (TO) format
Sets the default format for magnetic tape operations. The
valid formats are ANSI-ASCII, CORE-DUMP, and
INDUSTRY-COMPATIBLE. If you are unsure what to use, type
SYSTEM-DEFAULT. The INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS
command prints the current format.
TAPE PARITY (TO) parity
Sets the default parity for magnetic tape operations. The
usual setting is ODD.
TAPE RECORD-LENGTH (TO) bytes
Sets the default record length for magnetic tape operations.
The argument bytes is the octal number of bytes in a record.
Setting the record length to a large number (such as 1000)
works for most application.
Operation
1. Type SET and leave a space.
@SET
2. Type (or use recognition on) the rest of the arguments to the
SET command, then press the RETURN key.
@SET ACCOUNT (NUMBER TO) 10400
@
Characteristics
The SET command does not change the contents of memory and leaves
your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user changes the protection of his files named TEST.
@SET FILE PROTECTION (OF FILES) TEST.* (TO) 775500
TEST.EXE.1 [OK]
TEST.MAC.1 [OK]
TEST.REL.1 [OK]
@
The user changes the default magnetic tape density to 1600 bpi.
@SET TAPE DENSITY (TO) 1600
@
The user changes his account number to 10500.
@SET ACCOUNT (NUMBER TO) 10500
@
File: Exec Node: SKIP Command, Up: Top
Function
The SKIP command advances a magnetic tape a certain number of
files or records, or to the logical end-of-tape.
Hints
Remember to assign the tape drive to your job and have the
operator mount your tape.
Be sure to have the correct tape parameters set (check them with
the INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS command); if necessary,
give the SET TAPE command.
Format
@SKIP (DEVICE) dev: x units
dev: is the magnetic tape device name in the form MTAn:
where n is the drive number.
x is the number of files or records over which you
want to skip. If you are skipping to the logical
end-of-tape, you must type a number but it is
ignored.
units is either FILES, or RECORDS, or LEOT (for logical
end-of-tape).
Operation
1. Type SKIP and press the ESC key; the system prints (device).
@SKIP (DEVICE)
2. Type the device name and leave a space.
@SKIP (DEVICE) MTA3:
If the device is not a magnetic tape, the system ignores the
command and prints the message:
?dev: DEVICE IS NOT A MAGTAPE
where dev: is the device name you typed.
If you typed a non-existent device, the system ignores the
command and prints the message:
?DEVICE OR DATA ERROR
3. Type the number of files or records and leave a space. If you
are skipping to the logical end-of-tape, you may type any
arbitrary number.
@SKIP (DEVICE) MTA3: 2
4. Type (or use recognition on) the word FILES, RECORDS, or LEOT
(for logical end-of-tape) and press the RETURN key. The
system prints an @ when it finishes advancing the tape.
@SKIP (DEVICE) MTA3: 2 FILES
@
Errors
1. If the device is not on-line, the system ignores the command
and prints the message:
?DEVICE MUST BE ON-LINE
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator; then reissue
the command.
2. If a tape is not mounted on the device, the system may print
the message:
?DEVICE OR DATA ERROR
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator, then reissue
the command.
Characteristics
The SKIP command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
The SKIP command works only for magnetic tapes.
Examples
The user skips over three records.
@SKIP (DEVICE) MTA1: 3 RECORDS
@
The user skips over 6 files.
@SKIP (DEVICE) MTA2: 6 FILES
@
The user skips to the logical end-of-tape.
@SKIP (DEVICE) MTA0: 0 LEOT
@
File: Exec Node: SORT Program, Up: Top
Function
The SORT program orders the contents of a file according to rules
you specify in a SORT command.
Hints
With the SORT program, you may alphabetize entries or place them
in numerical order, then store the results back on disk or
magnetic tape.
If you are using magnetic tape, refer to the SET TAPE command and
the information (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS command.
Format
@SORT
*outfil.typ=infil1.typ/switches,infil2.typ/switches...
outfil.typ specifies the output file. No matter how many
input files you have, you can specify only one
output file which will receive the results of
sorting all the input files. The output file can
be a disk file or a magnetic tape unit.
infil.typ specifies an input file. You can specify more
than one input file, but the results of each
successive sort are appended to the output file,
not merged together.
switches is a list of switches which control the sorting
process. Table n describes some of the SORT
switches. You must have at least one /KEY switch
and one /RECORD switch for each input file.
Each command must contain:
1. Only one output file,
2. An equal sign,
3. At least one input file,
4. At least one /KEY switch, and
5. At least one /RECORD switch.
Table n
SORT Switches
Use a combination of the switches listed below to control the
sorting process. You may abbreviate a switch name to the number
of letters that uniquely identify it from any other switch.
Thus, /ALP is a valid abbreviation for /ALPHANUMERIC and /R is a
valid abbreviation for /RECORD.
/ALIGN
Starts each record in the output file at the beginning of a
word. /ALIGN increases the speed of the transfer and the size
of the file. You may find the /ALIGN switch useful in
aligning records at the left margin so you can print the
output file. If you do not give the /ALIGN switch, SORT does
not align each record.
/ALPHANUMERIC
Declares that the current key field contains alphanumeric
characters. If you do not give a data-type switch
(/ALPHANUMERIC, /COMP, /COMP1, /COMP3, /NUMERIC), SORT uses
/ALPHANUMERIC; however when you give one of the sign
switches, it uses /NUMERIC.
/ASCII
Processes the input and output files in ASCII mode. If you do
not give a recording-mode switch, (/ASCII, /BINARY, /EBCDIC,
or /SIXBIT), SORT uses a default mode which depends on the
data type:
Data type Default mode
/ALPHANUMERIC /ASCII
/NUMERIC /ASCII
/COMP /SIXBIT
/COMP1 /SIXBIT
/COMP3 /EBCDIC
/BINARY
Processes the input and output files in binary mode (if they
are produced by COBOL). If not, Refer to the /ASCII switch
for the normal defaults.
/BLOCKED:n
Blocks the input and output files with n logical records per
logical block. If the blocking factor is different for each
input and output file, place a separate /BLOCKED switch after
each file; otherwise, place the /BLOCKED switch before all
the files.
/COMP
Declares that the current key field contains
computational-fixed-point binary data. Refer to /ALPHANUMERIC
for the defaults.
/COMP1
Declares that the current key field contains
computational-1-floating-point binary data. Refer to
/ALPHANUMERIC for the defaults.
/COMP3
Declares that the current key field contains
computational-3-packed-decimal data. Refer to /ALPHANUMERIC
for the defaults.
/COMP:nP
Allocates n pages (512 words) of memory for use in the sorting
process.
/EBCDIC
Processes the input and output files in EBCDIC mode. Refer to
the /ASCII for the defaults.
/FIXED
Fixes the record size for the input and output files. If the
files vary, place a separate switch after each file;
otherwise, place the switch before all the files. If you do
not give a /FIXED or /VARIABLE switch, the system uses /FIXED
for files recorded in /SIXBIT or /EBCDIC mode and /VARIABLE
for files recorded in /ASCII mode.
/FORTRAN
Treats the input and output files as FORTRAN binary files. If
you do not give the /FORTRAN switch, the system assumes a file
specified with /BINARY is a COBOL binary file.
/HELP
Prints a list of the SORT switches.
/KEY:f:n:o
Specifies the location and size of the next field to sort and
whether to sort it in ascending or descending order.
f (a decimal integer) specifies the position of the first
character in the field.
Count alphanumeric and numeric characters starting at
position 1. Thus, to start at the letter G in the
following record give the value 7 to f.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Count COMP and COMP1 keys by specifying the leftmost
character position (which must begin on a word
boundary).
For SIXBIT fields, f is any value 6n+1 (i.e., 1, 7, 13,
etc.).
For ASCII fields, f is any value 5n+1 (i.e., 1, 6, 11,
etc.).
For EBCDIC fields, f is any 4n+1 (i.e., 1, 5, 9, etc.).
For example, to specify the third SIXBIT field, use the
value 13; to specify the fourth ASCII field use the
value 16; to specify the second EBCDIC field, use the
value 5. Using ASCII or EBCDIC for binary files is not
recommended since they may cause a loss of data.
The value you give for f must not be greater than the
record length you specify.
n (a decimal integer) specifies the number of characters
or digits in the key. Specify numeric and alphanumeric
keys in characters. Specify COMP, COMP1, and COMP3
keys in digits - 10 digits or less are one word; 11
digits or more are two words (do not count the sign for
COMP3).
o determines how the SORT is ordered: use the letter A
(for ascending) or D (for descending). If you do not
give an ordering argument, the sort is done in
ascending order. The order you specify applies only to
the current key.
LINE NUMBERS
If you have ASCII files containing
line numbers, remember that they
occupy one word (5 character
positions) at the beginning of the
line.
/LABEL:type
Designates the label status of a magnetic tape file. The type
is either STANDARD (to read and write DEC-standard labels),
NONSTANDARD (to by-pass them on input and omit them on
output), or OMITTED (to omit looking for or producing labels).
Nonstandard labels are assumed to be one record in length. If
you omit the /LABEL switch, SORT assumes that the files are
labeled.
/NUMERIC
Declares that the current key field contains numeric display
characters. Refer to /ALPHANUMERIC for the defaults.
/RECORD:n
Specifies the length of the record and must be specified at
least once in each SORT command. The value n is a decimal
integer identifying the number of characters or items in the
record. When determining the record size, do not include the
character count word in SIXBIT records or the
carriage-return/linefeed sequence in ASCII records.
For variable length records, use a record size equal to or
greater than the length of the longest record.
You may use the /RECORD switch to fix the record length in
both the output and the input files. If all the input files
have the same record length, give the /RECORD switch
immediately after the equals sign; otherwise, give the
/RECORD switch after each individual file.
If the record length is actually larger than n, the record
will be truncated.
/SIGNED
Uses the operational sign in the /NUMERIC, /COMP, /COMP1, or
/COMP3 field when comparing that field to the sorting key. If
you do not specify a /SIGNED or /UNSIGNED switch, the system
assumes /SIGNED. You must type the /SIGNED switch directly
after a data type switch (i.e., /NUMERIC, /COMP, /COMP1, or
/COMP3).
/SIXBIT
Processes the input and output files in SIXBIT mode. Refer to
the /ASCII switch for the normal defaults.
/UNSIGNED
Ignores the operational sign of a /NUMERIC, /COMP, /COMP1, or
/COMP3 field when comparing that field to the sort key.
Normally the sign is used in these key comparisons.
/VARIABLE
Specifies that the record length variables. When using the
/VARIABLE switch, always specify a record length equal to or
greater than the length of the longest record. If you do not
give a /FIXED or /VARIABLE switch, the system uses /FIXED for
files recorded in /SIXBIT or /EBCDIC mode and /VARIABLE for
files recorded in /ASCII mode.
Operation
1. Type SORT and press the RETURN key; the system prints an
asterisk.
@SORT
*
2. Type a SORT command; when the system is finished sorting, it
prints a message.
*NAME.ALP=NAME.LIS/KEY:1:10/RECORD:60/ASCII
SORTED 16 RECORDS
52 KEY COMPARISONS, 3.25 PER RECORD
0 RUNS
0:00:01 CPU TIME, 81.00 MS PER RECORD
0:00:33 ELAPSED
*
Errors
1. If one of the input files does not exist, the system ignores
the command and prints the message:
?SRTLRE LOOKUP ERROR (0) FILE WAS NOT FOUND DSK:name.typ
Reissue the command with the correct file specification.
Characteristics
After you start the SORT program, the contents of memory are
destroyed and your terminal is left at SORT command level. Type
a CTRL/C when you want to return to EXEC.
Examples
The user sorts a text file. The first sort has two keys. The
first key sort on columns 1 through 10; the second key sorts on
columns 10 through 49. The input file has records of up to 200
characters in length; the output file name is NAMES.1
@SORT
*NAMES.1=NAMES.FIL/K:1:10/K:10:40/RECORD:200
[SRTXPN Expanding to 212P]
Sorted 608 Records
5195 KEY comparisons, 8.54 per record
0 Runs
0:00:03 CPU time, 5.62 MS per record
0:00:05 Elapsed
*
The second sort uses the same first key, but the second key sorts
on columns 30 through 34 in descending order.
*NAMES.2=NAMES.FIL/K:1:10/K:30:5:D/RECORD:200
Sorted 608 Records
5225 KEY comparisons, 8.59 per record
0 Runs
0:00:03 CPU time, 4.95 MS per record
0:00:05 Elapsed
*^C
@
The user sorts a computational file on characters 1 through 6 of
each record.
@SORT
*T1.SRT=T1.OUT/K:1:6/COMP/R:18
[SRTXPN Expanding to 53P]
Sorted 100 Records
644 KEY comparisons, 6.44 per record
0 Runs
0:00:01 CPU time, 10.25 MS per record
0:00:02 Elapsed
*^C
@
The user sorts a computational-1 file using two keys.
@SORT
*T2.SRT=T2.OUT/K:1:6/K:7:6/COMP1/R:18
[SRTXPN Expanding to 45P]
Sorted 100 Records
608 KEY comparisons, 6.08 per record
0 Runs
0:00:00 CPU time, 8.83 MS per record
0:00:02 Elapsed
*^C
@
The user sorts a computational-3 file on a single key.
@SORT
*T3.SRT=T3.OUT/K:1:6/COMP3/RECORD:18
[SRTXPN Expanding to 39P]
Sorted 50 Records
221 KEY comparisons, 4.42 per record
0 Runs
0:00:00 CPU time, 13.78 MS per record
0:00:02 Elapsed
*^C
@
File: Exec Node: START Command, Up: Top
Function
The START command starts the program currently in memory.
Format
@START (PROGRAM)
Operation
1. Type STAR and press the ESC key; the system prints T
(PROGRAM). Press the RETURN key to start your program.
@START (PROGRAM)
INPUT FILE:, Up: Top
Error
1. If you do not have a program in memory, the system ignores
the START command and prints the message:
?NO PROGRAM
Use the LOAD command to place your program in memory.
Characteristics
The START command starts the program in memory at the start
address specified by its entry vector. Your terminal is left
under control of the program.
Restrictions
You may not give a START command to restart a COBOL program after
it has already executed.
Example
The user loads and starts his program. This example is
equivalent to the command EXECUTE (FROM) TRANSL.REL.
@LOAD (FROM) TRANSL.REL
LINK: Loading
EXIT
@START (PROGRAM)
TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) MILLER
<MILLER> (IS) [4,104]
@
SUBMIT Command
Function
The SUBMIT command places entries into, examines the contents of,
or removes entries from the Batch input queue.
Hints
The Batch input queue is a list of jobs waiting to be run by the
Batch system.
To examine the contents of the entire queue, give the SUBMIT
command without any arguments; if you want just the information
about your jobs, include the /CHECK switch. To examine the
contents of both the line printer and Batch input queues, give
the QUEUE command without any arguments. If you want to examine
just your jobs, include the /CHECK switch. (The QUEUE command
destroys the contents of memory and leaves your terminal in
EXEC.)
*Note Batch: Batch Commands, for a description of the batch
commands.
Format
@SUBMIT jobname=control-filespec,log-filespec
jobname is the name (of no more than six alphanumeric
characters) you want to assign to the Batch
job. If you do not type a jobname, the
system uses the name of the control-filespec.
When omitting the jobname, you may also omit
the equals sign.
control-filespec specifies the control file you are submitting
to the Batch input queue. You must type a
file name, but the system uses a file type of
.CTL unless you specify otherwise. If you
want to specify a file in any directory but
your connected directory, use a
project-programmer number.
Include any necessary switches
(listed in Table n) after the
control-filespec or the log-filespec.
log-filespec specifies the file which will contain a
record of the action taken during the course
of the job. If you do not specify a
log-filespec, the system uses the name of the
control-filespec and the file type .LOG.
Table n
SUBMIT Command Switches
/AFTER:time
Submits the file after the specified time. The argument time
is in the form hh:mm (24-hour time of day), or +hh:mm (time
later than the current time). You must separate the hours
from minutes by typing a colon.
/HELP
Prints the general syntax of the SUBMIT command, including a
complete list of switches.
/KILL
Removes the specified jobnames from the Batch input queue.
When you give the /KILL switch, you must type a jobname or the
/SEQ switch on the left side of the equals sign before typing
the switch /KILL on the right side. If more than one of your
jobs has the same jobname, use the /SEQ switch to identify the
proper job.
/LIST
Prints information about the specified jobnames in the Batch
input queue. If you do not specify a jobname, the system
prints the status of the entire Batch input queue.
/NORESTART
Inhibits the system from restarting the job when the system
recovers after a failure. The system normally does not
restart a job. Refer to the /RESTART switch.
/OUTPUT:condition
Specifies the condition under which a log file is produced.
The system always produces a log file if the condition is LOG
or if you do not specify the /OUTPUT switch. If you do not
want a log file, use a condition of NOLOG. If you want the
log file only if there are errors, use the condition ERROR.
/PAGE:n
Permits the job to print up to n pages on the line printer.
Normally, the system allows 200 pages; if you specify the
/PAGE switch without a value, the system allows 2000 pages.
If the job should go over this limit, the system cancels any
more line printer output.
/RESTART
Restarts the job when the system restarts after a failure.
You should not have a job restarted if it is potentially
dangerous to your files or the system. The system does not
normally restart jobs. Refer to the /NORESTART switch.
/TAG:label
Starts the job at the first line containing the specified
label (of up to five alphanumeric characters). This is
equivalent to a GOTO at the beginning of the control file.
/TIME:time
Specifies the maximum amount of central processor time the job
may use. The argument time is in the form hh:mm:ss
(hours:minutes:seconds). If you do not specify a switch, the
system uses a limit of five minutes; if you specify the
switch without a time, the system uses a limit of one hour.
If your job exceeds this limit, the system prints the message
?TIME LIMIT EXCEEDED in the control file then kills the job.
/UNIQUE:n
To run any number of concurrent batch jobs logged-in under
your user name, give n a value of 0. Normally (and when you
give n a value of 1), the system does not log in a new batch
job under your user name until there are no other batch jobs
with your user name.
Operation
1. Type SUBMIT and leave a space.
@SUBMIT
2. Type the arguments to the SUBMIT command, then press the
RETURN key.
@SUBMIT MAKMON.CTL
[INP:MAKMON=/SEQ:1026/TIME:00:05:00]
@
Output
If you are submitting a job, the system prints a message in the
form:
[INP:jobname=/SEQ:n/TIME:hh:mm:ss]
jobname is the name of your job, n is the sequence number, and
hh:mm:ss is the time limit for the job.
If you are killing a job, the system prints a message in the
form:
[n JOB(S) KILLED]
where n is the number of jobs you removed from the queue.
The system prints the contents of the Batch input queue in the
following form:
INPUT QUEUE:
STS USER JOB SEQ PRIO TIME AFTER
RUN MCKIE T 5717 10 00:05:00
MILLER TEST 5718 10 00:05:00
PORADA ENDIT 5719 10 00:05:00
LEWINE STOP 5720 10 00:05:00
TOTAL: INP: 4 jobs; 00:20:00 Sec. Runtime
STS is the job number, unless the job is deferred in which case
the letters AFT (for AFTER) are placed in this field. USER is
the user name who is submitting the job. JOB is the jobname;
SEQ is the sequence number; TIME is the time limit for the job
and AFTER is the length of time the system must wait before
running the job.
Characteristics
The SUBMIT command runs the QUENCH program, thereby destroying
the contents of memory and leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
To submit a file from another user's directory, precede the file
specification with a project-programmer number, you may not use a
logical name.
You may use recognition only on the command name.
Examples
The user submits a Batch job.
@SUBMIT STAR
[INP:STAR=/SEQ:44/TIME:00:05:00]
@
The user submits a Batch job and assigns it a name. The job
cannot be started until 2 hours from the time the command is
given. The log file will not be printed.
@SUBMIT RUN3=STAR.CTL/AFTER:2:00:00/OUTPUT:NOLOG
[INP:STAR=/SEQ:45/TIME:00:05:00]
@
The user kills a job waiting in the Batch input queue.
@SUBMIT NEWFIL=/KILL
[1 Job Killed]
@
The user lists the jobs he has running under the Batch system.
@SUBMIT/LIST
INPUT QUEUE:
STS USER JOB SEQ PRIO TIME AFTER
RUN MCKIE CHECK 7342 10 00:05:00
TOTAL: INP: 1 job; 00:05:00 Sec. Runtime
@
The user then cancels the running job.
@SUBMIT CHECK=/KILL
[No Jobs Killed, 1 Job Cancelled]
@
File: Exec Node: SYSTAT Command, Up: Top
Function
The SYSTAT command prints information about the current state of
the system.
Format
@SYSTAT arguments
arguments is a list of user names and job numbers, separated by
spaces, or the word ALL or a dot (.).
no arguments prints the header and the job number,
line number, current program name and
user name for each job.
user name prints information about only the
specified user.
job number prints information about only the
specified job. If you want to get
information about your current job,
type a dot (.).
ALL prints the header and the job number,
controlling job number (if it is a
pseudo-terminal), line number, current
program name, state of the job, the
accumulated run time, the run time
limit, the user name and connected
directory for each job.
You may combine any or all of these arguments to print
the desired information. The arguments must be
separated by a space or tab.
Operation
1. Type (or use recognition) on SYSTAT and leave a space.
@SYSTAT
2. Type the arguments (if any), separating them with spaces, and
press the RETURN key. The system prints the information on
your terminal.
@SYSTAT
WED 4-FEB-76 10:55:05 UP 1:33:31
16+5 JOBS LOAD AV 1.70 1.35 1.15
JOB LINE PROGRAM USER
2 3 RIP EIBEN
4 14 EXEC MILLER
9 41 FORTRA EKLUND
10 43 EXEC POTTINGER
11 32 TECO CLARK
12 73 EXEC BROWNE
13 50 EXEC CONNOR
14 4 EXEC NOT LOGGED IN
15 15 TV KIRSCHEN
16 61 EXEC EDU-SERV
19* 110 EXEC MCKIE
20 74 PTYCON LIEMAN
21 23 PTYCON MCKIE
22 115 EXEC LIEMAN
23 114 EXEC LIEMAN
24 107 STATUS EIBEN
25 10 SDDT LEWINE
1 101 EXEC OPERATOR
3 106 EXEC OPERATOR
5 105 OPLEAS OPERATOR
6 103 LPTSPL OPERATOR
7 104 BATCON OPERATOR
@
Output
The first line of output gives the day of the week, date, time,
and the length of time since the system was last started. In the
following example, the date is Wednesday, February 4, 1976 at
10:55:20 AM. The system has been up for about an hour and a
half.
@SYSTAT ALL
WED 4-FEB-76 10:55:20 UP 1:33:46
The second line gives the number of user jobs plus the number of
operator jobs. In the next example, there are 16 user jobs and 5
operator jobs.
16+5 JOBS LOAD AV 1.85 1.40 1.17
The last three numbers on the second line are the load averages
for the system taken over a one minute, five minute and fifteen
minute period, respectively. The load averages indicate how long
it will take you to complete a task with the current system load
compared to a system with no users except yourself. In the next
example, if your job ran 1 minute it would take 1.85 times as
long as if there were no other users on the system. If it ran 5
minutes, it would take 1.4 times as long; if it ran 15 minutes,
it would take 1.17 times as long.
16+5 JOBS LOAD AV 1.85 1.40 1.17
The lines following the load averages contain information about
each job. When you give the SYSTAT command without any
arguments, only the columns JOB, LINE, PROGRAM, and USER are
printed; when you give the all argument, they all are printed.
JOB -is the job number.
CJB -is the controlling job number if the job is a Batch
job or a job controlled by the PTYCON program.
LINE -is the line number of the job which is also the
terminal number. That is TTY3 is connected to line
3. If the line is "DET", the job has been detached
from a terminal (to reattach to the job, give the
ATTACH command).
PROGRAM -is the name of the program the user is currently
running. If the name is EXEC, the user is at Twenex
command level or giving a Twenex command.
STATE -is the state of the user's job. It is either running
(RUN) or waiting for the user to type some input on
his terminal (TI).
TIME -is the total central processor time the job has used.
LIMIT -is the limit of central processor time the job can
use (Batch jobs only).
USER -is the name of the user under which the job is logged
in. If the user has typed a CTRL/C, but not yet
logged-in, the system prints NOT LOGGED IN.
<directory>-is the name of the job's connected directory if it is
other than the logged-in directory.
JOB CJB LINE PROGRAM STATE TIME LIMIT USER, <DIRECTORY>
2 3 RIP TI 0:05:46 EIBEN, <1EIBEN>
4 14 EXEC TI 0:00:00 MILLER
9 41 FORTRA TI 0:03:36 EKLUND
10 43 EXEC TI 0:02:54 POTTINGER
11 32 TECO TI 0:00:29 CLARK
12 73 EXEC TI 0:00:05 BROWNE
13 50 EXEC TI 0:00:01 CONNOR
14 4 EXEC TI 0:00:00 NOT LOGGED IN
15 15 TV TI 0:03:53 KIRSCHEN
16 61 EXEC TI 0:00:51 EDU-SERV
19* 21 110 EXEC RUN 0:00:01 MCKIE
20 74 PTYCON TI 0:00:11 LIEMAN
21 23 PTYCON TI 0:01:10 MCKIE
22 20 115 EXEC TI 0:00:16 LIEMAN
23 20 114 EXEC TI 0:00:15 LIEMAN
24 7 107 STATUS RUN 0:00:03 0:20:01 EIBEN
25 10 SDDT RUN 0:01:26 LEWINE
Last, the system lists the information for the operator's jobs.
1 101 EXEC TI 0:00:22 OPERATOR
3 1 106 EXEC TI 0:00:33 OPERATOR
5 1 105 OPLEAS RUN 0:00:00 OPERATOR
6 1 103 LPTSPL RUN 0:00:35 OPERATOR
7 1 104 BATCON TI 0:00:59 OPERATOR
@
Characteristics
The SYSTAT command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user prints all the information about the user EIBEN.
@SYSTAT EIBEN ALL
2 3 TV TI 0:05:51 EIBEN, <1EIBEN>
24 7 107 STATUS RUN 0:00:03 0:20:01 EIBEN
@
The user gives the SYSTAT command without any arguments.
@SYSTAT
WED 4-FEB-76 10:56:10 UP 1:34:36
16+5 JOBS LOAD AV 2.57 1.69 1.29
JOB LINE PROGRAM USER
2 3 TV EIBEN
4 14 EXEC MILLER
9 41 FORTRA EKLUND
10 43 EXEC POTTINGER
11 32 EXEC CLARK
12 73 EXEC BROWNE
13 50 EXEC CONNOR
14 4 EXEC NOT LOGGED IN
15 15 TV KIRSCHEN
16 61 EXEC EDU-SERV
19* 110 EXEC MCKIE
20 74 PTYCON LIEMAN
21 23 PTYCON MCKIE
22 115 EXEC LIEMAN
23 114 EXEC LIEMAN
24 107 STATUS EIBEN
25 10 EXEC LEWINE
1 101 EXEC OPERATOR
3 106 EXEC OPERATOR
5 105 OPLEAS OPERATOR
6 103 LPTSPL OPERATOR
7 104 BATCON OPERATOR
@
File: Exec Node: TALK Command, Up: Top
Function
The TALK command links your terminal to another terminal
(referred to as the linked terminal). Whatever text the system
would normally print on your terminal or the linked terminal, it
now prints on both terminals, instead of just one. Whatever you
type is printed on both your terminal and the linked terminal;
whatever a user types on the linked terminal appears both on his
terminal and your terminal.
The linkage affects only the output of the terminals; the input
of the terminals is left intact. For example, if your program is
waiting for a command and a user types a command on the linked
terminal, that command works only for his job, not yours - you
see only the resulting typescript.
Hints
The TALK command is useful when you are teaching another user
about a system feature. By using the TALK facility, the teacher
and pupil do not have to physically be in the same location.
The BREAK command breaks any links you have established with the
TALK command.
Format
@TALK (TO) identifier
identifier is either a user name or a line number.
Operation
1. Type TALK and press the ESC key; the system prints (TO).
@TALK (TO)
2. Type a user name or a terminal number and press the RETURN
key. You may use recognition in typing user names. If you
type a valid user name or terminal number, the system prints
a message on both terminals.
@TALK (TO) WATERS
LINK FROM MCKIE, TTY 23
@
3. If there is more than one job logged in under a user name,
the system prints out a list of terminal numbers. Select the
job you want and type the appropriate terminal number.
@TALK (TO) MACK
TTY35, EXEC
TTY110, BLIS10
TTY: 35
LINK FROM MCKIE, TTY 23
@
4. If the job you are linking to is logged-in on a
pseudo-terminal (as are Batch jobs and jobs logged-in under
the PTYCON job controller), the system prints a message after
which you must press the RETURN key. If you should link to a
Batch job, remember that if you type a ? or a %, the Batch
system may interpret this as an error within the job.
@TALK (TO) KIRSCHEN
[PSEUDO-TELETYPE CONFIRM]
LINK FROM MCKIE, TTY 23
@
Errors
1. If the user is not logged-in, the system ignores the command
and prints the message:
?USER IS NOT LOGGED-IN
USE "MAIL" TO SEND MAIL TO USER
Use the MAIL program to send the message to the user.
Characteristics
The TALK command does not print a password onto any linked
terminals. If, however, you type a CTRL/R while giving a command
containing a password, the password is printed.
The TALK command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
The user may not link to a detached job.
Examples
The user TALKs to user POMFRET then breaks the link.
@TALK (TO) POMFRET
TALK FROM MCKIE, TTY 23
@; Did you update the FORTRAN sources?
@; Yes, they are in <FORLIB>
@; Thanks....
@BREAK (LINKS)
@
File: Exec Node: TDIRECTORY Command, Up: Top
Function
The TDIRECTORY command prints the file specification and the date
and time the file(s) was most recently written.
Hints
Giving the TDIRECTORY command is exactly like giving the
DIRECTORY command with the subcommands CHRONOLOGICAL (BY) WRITE,
REVERSE (SORTING), and TIMES (AND DATES OF) WRITE. Refer to the
DIRECTORY command for more information; you can give any of the
DIRECTORY subcommands with TDIRECTORY.
Format
@TDIRECTORY (OF FILES) filespecs
filespecs is a list of the file specifications about which
you want to obtain the information. If you omit
the file specifications, the system prints
information about all the files in your connected
directory.
Operation
1. Type TDIR and press the ESC key; the system prints ECTORY
(OF FILES).
@TDIRECTORY (OF FILES)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specifications, then
press the RETURN key. The system prints the directory
information.
@TDIRECTORY (OF FILES) EDIT
<MCKIE>
WRITE
EDIT.EXE.1 17-NOV-75 16:32:48
@
Output
The system lists the files in the order of the most recently
written file to the least recently written file. The following
information is listed for each file:, Up: Top
1. Name, type, generation number,
2. The date and time the file was last written, and
3. A line summarizing the number of listed files (if greater
than 1).
Characteristics
The TDIRECTORY command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user obtains the information about all his files with the
name DUMPER.
@TDIRECTORY (OF FILES) DUMPER
<MCKIE>
WRITE
DUMPER.MEM.2 6-NOV-75 20:28:49
.TXT.4 6-NOV-75 19:18:30
.RNO.2 27-JUL-66 05:00:00
TOTAL OF 3 FILES
@
File: Exec Node: TERMINAL Command, Up: Top
Function
The TERMINAL command changes various terminal parameters such as:
1. Input/output speed,
2. Handling of lowercase characters,
3. Length and width of the terminal page, and
4. Handling of the RUBOUT key.
Hints
The TERMINAL command helps make typing on the terminal more
convenient. When you want to temporarily stop output from your
terminal, set the PAGE parameter; you can then stop printing by
typing a CTRL/S and resume printing by typing a CTRL/Q.
You can print the current values of your terminal parameters by
giving the INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE command.
Refer to Chapter n for more information.
Special Cases
Occasionally, your terminal may not work. Try the following
procedures before contacting the operator:
1. Type a CTRL/T. This will not hurt any work you have done and
causes the system to print a line of information. If the
line prints, your terminal is working correctly; if the line
does not print, continue.
2. Type a CTRL/Q, then a CTRL/T. If the line prints, the
terminal has page mode set; if the line does not print,
contact the operator.
Format
@TERMINAL (MODE IS) parameter
parameter is any one of the parameters listed in Table n.
Table n
Terminal Parameters
33
Informs the system that your terminal is a Teletype Model
33. The system assumes that a Model 33:
1. Does not have a formfeed or tab mechanism,
2. Prints lowercase characters,
3. Needs extra time to print tabs and formfeeds,
4. Has a line width of 72, and
5. Has a page length of 66.
35
Informs the system that your terminal is a Teletype Model
35. The system assumes that a Model 35:
1. Has a formfeed and tab mechanism,
2. Prints lowercase characters,
3. Needs extra time to print tabs and formfeeds,
4. Has a line width of 72, and
5. Has a page length of 66.
37
Informs the system that your terminal is a Teletype Model
37. The system assumes that a Model 37 has the same
characteristics as a Model 33.
EXECUPORT
Informs the system that your terminal is an Execuport. The
system assumes that an Execuport:
1. Does not have a formfeed or tab mechanism,
2. Prints lowercase characters,
3. Needs extra time to perform a carriage-return,
4. Has a line width of 72, and
5. Has a page length of 66.
FLAG (UPPER CASE OUTPUT)
Instructs the system to print a single quote before it
prints an uppercase character. This works only if you have
set the NO LOWERCASE parameter. To stop the flagging, set
the NO FLAG parameter. The system does not ordinarily flag
uppercase.
FORMFEED (EXISTS ON TERMINAL)
Informs the system that your terminal has a formfeed
mechanism; otherwise, the system simulates formfeeds by
printing the correct number of blank lines. To inform the
system that a formfeed does not exist, set the NO FORMFEED
parameter.
FULLDUPLEX (MODE FOR TERMINAL)
Instructs the system to repeat each character as you type
it; your terminal prints each repeated character. The
system normally sets the FULLDUPLEX parameter.
HALFDUPLEX (MODE FOR TERMINAL)
Inhibits the system from repeating each character as you
type it; your terminal must print each character itself.
The system normally sets FULLDUPLEX parameter.
HELP
Prints information about the terminal parameters.
IMMEDIATE (ECHO MODE)
Instructs the system to immediately echo each character as
you type it; normally the system waits until the proper
program (or the command language interpreter) receives the
character. To change immediate mode echoing, set the NO
IMMEDIATE parameter. IMMEDIATE echoing works only when the
FULLDUPLEX parameter is set.
INDICATE (FORMFEED)
Instructs the system to print a
instead of advancing the
proper number of lines whenever it sees a formfeed (or
CTRL/L). The system normally advances the proper number of
lines.
LA30
Informs the system that your terminal is a Digital Equipment
Corporation LA30. The system assumes an LA30:
1. Does not have a formfeed or tab mechanism,
2. Prints lowercase characters as the corresponding
uppercase characters,
3. Needs extra time to perform a carriage-return, linefeed,
tab and formfeed,
4. Has a line width of 80, and
5. Has a page length of 66.
LA36
Informs the system that your terminal is a Digital Equipment
Corporation LA36. The system assumes an LA36:
1. Does not have a formfeed or tab mechanism,
2. Prints lowercase characters,
3. Has a line width of 127, and
4. Has a page length of 66.
LENGTH (OF PAGE IS) n
Sets the number of lines you have on a page. If you have
terminal page mode set, the system will stop after printing
n lines and wait for you to type a CTRL/Q.
LINE-HALFDUPLEX (MODE FOR TERMINAL)
Inhibits the system from printing each character as you type
it. Same as HALFDUPLEX.
LOWERCASE (EXISTS ON TERMINAL)
Tells the system that your terminal handles lowercase
characters properly. (Handling lowercase properly means
either printing the lowercase character or printing the
proper uppercase character.) If your terminal does not
handle lowercase properly, set the NO LOWERCASE parameter.
When NO LOWERCASE is set, the system converts lowercase
output to the appropriate uppercase character. Also, refer
to the FLAG parameter.
NO parameter
Reverses the parameters; FLAG, FORMFEED, IMMEDIATE,
INDICATE, LOWERCASE, PAGE, RAISE, and TABS.
PAGE (MODE) n
Instructs the system to stop printing whenever either it
reaches the end of a page or you type a CTRL/S. To continue
the printout, type a CTRL/Q. To set the page length, give
the number n or set the LENGTH parameter. To turn off page
mode, set the NO PAGE parameter. The system does not
normally set the page parameter.
RAISE (TERMINAL INPUT)
Instructs the system to change all lowercase characters
(which you type on your terminal) into the corresponding
uppercase character. To revert to the default condition of
not raising input, set the NO RAISE parameter.
SPEED (OF INPUT) rate (AND OUTPUT) rate
Sets the rate at which your terminal does input and output.
Your installation sets the rate at which your terminal
starts at. If you want to change that rate, set the SPEED
parameters, then change the baud rate switch on your
terminal. If you do not give an output speed the system
uses the input speed. The valid speeds are: 50, 75, 110,
134, 150, 200, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600. Hints:
Most hard-copy terminals run at either 110 or 300 baud;
display terminals usually run at a variety of speeds up to
2400 baud; a 2741 terminal runs at 134 baud (actually
134.5); the maximum speed you can use over a conventional
telephone line is 300 baud.
TABS (EXIST ON TERMINAL)
Informs the system that your terminal has mechanical tab
stops every eight columns; otherwise, the system simulates
the tabs by printing the correct number of spaces. To stop
the simulation, set the NO TABS parameter.
TERMINET
Informs the system that your terminal is a Terminet. The
system assumes a Terminet:
1. Does not have a formfeed or tab mechanism,
2. Prints lowercase characters,
3. Needs extra time to perform a carriage-return, linefeed,
tab and formfeed,
4. Has a line width of 72, and
5. Has a page length of 66.
TI
Informs the system that your terminal is a Texas Instruments
terminal. The system assumes a TI terminal has the same
characteristics as an Execuport.
TYPE n
Instructs the system to treat your terminal as terminal type
n. The following table describes the characteristics of the
different terminal types.
Table n
Terminal Types
Type Characteristics
0 Same as Model 33.
1 Same as Model 35.
2 Same as Model 37.
3 Same as EXECUPORT.
4-7 Reserved for customer use.
8 Same as TERMINET. (This is the default type.)
9 No TAB or FORMFEED mechanism, prints lowercase
characters, infinite line width, infinite page
length.
10 Same as VT05.
11 Same as VT50.
12 Same as LA30.
13 Same as VT52, except with a page length of 30.
Used for a Digital Equipment Corporation GT40.
14 Same as LA36.
15 Same as VT52.
VT05
Informs the system that your terminal is a Digital Equipment
Corporation VT05. The system assumes a VT05:
1. Does not have a formfeed mechanism,
2. Has a tab mechanism,
3. Prints lowercase characters as the corresponding
uppercase character,
4. Needs extra time to perform a linefeed, or tab,
5. Has a line width of 72, and
6. Has a page length of 20.
VT50
Informs the system that your terminal is a Digital Equipment
Corporation VT50. The system assumes a VT50:
1. Does not have a formfeed or tab mechanism,
2. Prints lowercase characters as the corresponding
uppercase character,
3. Has a line width of 80, and
4. Has a page length of 12.
VT52
Informs the system that your terminal is a Digital Equipment
Corporation VT52. The system assumes the same
characteristics as a VT50 except that it prints lowercase
characters and the page length is 24 lines instead of 12.
WIDTH (OF LINE IS) n
Tells the system the width of your terminal line. When the
system prints a line longer than your terminal width, it
prints the first n characters, then advances a line and
prints the rest.
Operation
1. Type TERM and press the RETURN key; the system prints INAL
(MODE IS).
@TERMINAL (MODE IS)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the parameter you want to set.
If you do not have to give a parameter argument, press the
RETURN key. If you have to give a parameter argument(s),
press the ESC key, type (or use recognition on the argument),
then press the RETURN key.
@TERMINAL (MODE IS) LOWERCASE (EXISTS ON TERMINAL)
@TERMINAL (MODE IS) LENGTH (OF PAGE IS) 30
@
Characteristics
The TERMINAL command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user set the width of his terminal line to 65.
@TERMINAL (MODE IS) WIDTH (OF LINE IS) 65
@
The user sets terminal page mode with a page length of 20.
@TERMINAL (MODE IS) PAGE (MODE) 20
@
The user tells the system to change all lowercase output to
uppercase.
@TERMINAL (MODE IS) NO LOWERCASE (EXISTS ON TERMINAL)
@
The user tells the system to change any lowercase characters he
types to the corresponding uppercase character.
@TERMINAL (MODE IS) RAISE (TERMINAL INPUT)
@
File: Exec Node: TRANSL Program, Up: Top
Function
The TRANSL program translates between directory names and
project-programmer numbers.
Format
@TRANSL
TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) directory
directory is a directory name or a project-programmer
number. If you type a directory name, the system
prints the corresponding project-programmer
number; if you type a project-programmer number,
the system prints the corresponding directory
name.
Typing the angle brackets or square brackets is
not required around directories. You may use
recognition on directory names.
Operation
1. Type TRANSL and press the RETURN key; the system prints
TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) on the next line.
@TRANSL
TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the directory name or type the
project-programmer number, the press the RETURN key. The
system prints the corresponding project-programmer number or
directory name.
TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) FORTRAN-LIBRARY
<FORTRAN-LIBRARY> (IS) [4,133]
@
Characteristics
After starting the TRANSL program, the contents of memory is
destroyed and your terminal is left in EXEC.
Examples
The user translates the project-programmer number [4,226].
@TRANSL
TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) [4,226]
[4,226] (IS) <HALL>
@
The user translates the directory name CONNOR.
@TRANSL
TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) CONNOR
<CONNOR> (IS) [4,116]
@
File: Exec Node: TYPE Command, Up: Top
Function
The TYPE command prints the contents of a file(s) on your
terminal.
Hints
The TYPE command is useful for quickly examining the contents of
a file, although printing an entire file may become tiresome. In
the latter case, use the PRINT command to send the output to the
line printer which operates at a much higher speed.
If you want to stop the printing of a file, type a CTRL/O or two
CTRL/Cs.
If your file has line numbers, the system prints them on your
terminal.
Format
@TYPE (FILE) filespecs
filespecs is a single file specification or a string of file
specifications (separated by commas) that indicate
the files you want printed on your terminal.
Operation
1. Type TYPE and press the ESC key; the system prints (FILE).
@TYPE (FILE)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specifications, then
press the RETURN key. The system prints the file(s) on your
terminal.
@TYPE (FILE) TRANSL.MAC.5
;<MCKIE>TRANSL.MAC.5, 2-OCT-75 09:46:48, Edit by MCKIE
TITLE TRANSLATE
COMMENT \
1. Translates a <directory> into a [ppn] and indicates if it
is files only, or
2. Tr ^O...
@
Output
If you type more than one file with a single TYPE command, the
system prints the proper file specification (followed by a blank
line) before printing the file.
Characteristics
The TYPE command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user prints the files ONE.FIL and TWO.FIL.
@TYPE (FILE) ONE.FIL,TWO.FIL.1
ONE.FIL.1
THIS FILE HAS JUST ONE LINE!
TWO.FIL.1
THIS FILE IS A LITTLE BIT BIGGER;
IT HAS TWO LINES
@
File: Exec Node: UNDELETE Command, Up: Top
Function
The UNDELETE command restores previously DELETEd disk files to
their normal status.
Hints
If you use the default for the UNDELETE command, the system
undeletes all the available generations of that file. Thus,
after the UNDELETE command you may have more than one generation
of a file. The next time you create a new generation of that
file or append to the highest generation, the system deletes all
but one (or the number specified by your file-retention-count, if
it is different from one) generation(s) of that file. (To change
the file-retention-count, refer to the SET command; to print the
file-retention-count of a file, give the FDIRECTORY command.) Be
sure that a file you need is not accidentally deleted (and
consequently expunged).
Format
@UNDELETE (FILES) filespecs
filespecs is a single file specification or a string of file
specifications (separated by commas) that indicate
the files to be undeleted. If you do not give a
generation number, all the files with the
specified name and type will be undeleted.
Operation
1. Type UNDE and press the ESC key; the system prints LETE
(FILES).
@UNDELETE (FILES)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specifications you want
undeleted, then press the RETURN key. The system prints a
line for each file, indicating whether it can be undeleted or
not.
@UNDELETE (FILES) T.FIL.*
T.FIL.2 [OK]
T.FIL.3 [OK]
@
Errors
1. If you try to undelete a single existing file, the system
ignores the command and prints the message:
name.typ.gen WASN'T DELETED
Check to make sure you have specified the correct generation
number for your file.
2. If any one of the files you are trying to undelete does not
exist, the system ignores the entire command and prints one
of the following messages:
?FILE NOT FOUND
?NO SUCH FILE TYPE
?NO SUCH GENERATION NUMBER
Characteristics
The UNDELETE command prints no error message when it cannot
restore a set of files you have specified with the wildcard
construction.
The UNDELETE command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
You cannot undelete files that have been expunged (i.e., actually
removed from disk storage). At no time does the system guarantee
that you can undelete a previously deleted file - it is a feature
available only when there is enough system disk space available.
If your attempt to UNDELETE a file fails, ask the operator via
the PLEASE program) to restore the file from the system backup
tapes.
Examples
The user undeletes a single file.
@UNDELETE (FILES) OUTPUT.TXT.4
OUTPUT.TXT.4 [OK]
@
The user undeletes all the files with the name T.
@UNDELETE (FILES) T.*
T.MEM.4 [OK]
T.RNO.2 [OK]
T.TXT.5 [OK]
@
File: Exec Node: UNLOAD Command, Up: Top
Function
The UNLOAD command rewinds a magnetic tape until it is completely
on the source reel.
Hints
The UNLOAD command makes it impossible to access the tape unless
it is reloaded by the operator.
Format
@UNLOAD (DEVICE) dev:
dev: is the magnetic tape device name in the form MTAn:
where n is the drive number.
Operation
1. Type UNLO and press the ESC key; the system prints AD
(DEVICE).
@UNLOAD (DEVICE)
2. Type the magnetic tape device name (the colon is optional)
and press the RETURN key. The system prints an @ when the
tape is unloaded.
@UNLOAD (DEVICE) MTA0:
@
Errors
1. If the device is not on-line, the system ignores the command
and prints the message:
?DEVICE MUST BE ON-LINE
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator, then reissue
the command.
2. If a tape is not mounted on the drive, the system may print
the message:
?DEVICE OR DATA ERROR
Use the PLEASE program to contact the operator; then reissue
the command.
Characteristics
The UNLOAD command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Restrictions
The UNLOAD command works only for magnetic tapes.
Examples
The user unloads his tape on drive 3.
@UNLOAD (DEVICE) MTA3:
@
File: Exec Node: VDIRECTORY Command, Up: Top
Function
The VDIRECTORY command prints the file specification, protection
number, number of pages, number of bytes (including byte size),
and date and time the file was most recently written.
Hints
Giving the VDIRECTORY command is exactly like giving the
DIRECTORY command with the subcommands LENGTH, NO HEADING,
PROTECTION, SIZE, and TIMES (AND DATES OF) WRITE.
Refer to the DIRECTORY command for more information; you can
give any of the DIRECTORY subcommands with VDIRECTORY.
Format
@VDIRECTORY (OF FILES) filespecs
filespecs is a list of the file specifications about which
you want the information. If you omit the file
specifications, the system prints information
about all the files in your connected directory.
Operation
1. Type VDIR and press the ESC key; the system prints ECTORY
(OF FILES).
@VDIRECTORY (OF FILES)
2. Type (or use recognition on) the file specifications; then
press the RETURN key. The system prints the directory
information.
@VDIRECTORY (OF FILES) EDIT
<MCKIE>
EDIT.EXE.1;P777752 61 31232(36) 17-NOV-75 16:32:48
@
Output
The system lists the files in alphabetical order. The following
information is listed for each file:, Up: Top
1. Name, type, generation number,
2. Protection code,
3. Size (in pages),
4. Length (in bytes) and byte size (in parenthesis), and
5. The date and time the file was last written,
6. A line summarizing the total size (in pages) and number of
the listed files.
Characteristics
The VDIRECTORY command does not change the contents of memory and
leaves your terminal in EXEC.
Examples
The user obtains the information about all his files with the
name DUMPER.
@VDIRECTORY (OF FILES) DUMPER
<MCKIE>
DUMPER.MEM.2;P777752 5 12658(7) 6-NOV-75 20:28:49
.RNO.2;P777752 5 2389(36) 27-JUL-66 05:00:00
.TXT.4;P777752 4 9672(7) 6-NOV-75 19:18:30
TOTAL OF 14 PAGES IN 3 FILES
@
File: EXEC Node: XINFO Program, Up: Top
Function
The XINFO program is used for perusing tree-structured INFO
documentation files. It is a stand-alone interface to the
INFO subsystem of EMACS, the one you may be using right now.
Hints
Giving the XINFO command is like entering EMACS and giving the
M-X INFO command.
Format
@XINFO
Operation
1. Type XINFO and press the RETURN key. The INFO subsystem of
EMACS is started without further commands from you.
2. If you don't know how to use the INFO subsystem of EMACS,
type "H" at this point to begin an on-line tutorial.
Characteristics
After you start XINFO, the contents of memory are destroyed and
your terminal is at XINFO command level. Type a CTRL/C to
return to EXEC.
Tag Table:
File: Exec Node: Top24
File: Exec Node: ALGOL Compiler1667
File: Exec Node: APPEND Command3974
File: Exec Node: ASSIGN Command10147
File: Exec Node: BACKSPACE Command13126
File: Exec Node: BASIC Program15626
File: Exec Node: BATCH Commands20014
File: Exec Node: BREAK Command23784
File: Exec Node: CLOSE Command24865
File: Exec Node: COBDDT Program28159
File: Exec Node: COBOL Compiler34853
File: Exec Node: COMPILE Command38087
File: Exec Node: CONNECT Command45811
File: Exec Node: CONTINUE Command48411
File: Exec Node: COPY Command50598
File: Exec Node: CREATE Command55533
File: Exec Node: CREF Command62614
File: Exec Node: DAYTIME Command64844
File: Exec Node: DDT Command65612
File: Exec Node: DDT Program67372
File: Exec Node: DEASSIGN Command77688
File: Exec Node: DEBUG Command79643
File: Exec Node: DEFINE Command89122
File: Exec Node: DELETE Command91450
File: Exec Node: DIRECTORY Command93637
File: Exec Node: DUMPER Program101347
File: Exec Node: EDIT Command129567
File: Exec Node: EDIT Program137210
File: Exec Node: EOF Command151428
File: Exec Node: EXECUTE Command153014
File: Exec Node: EXPUNGE Command163383
File: Exec Node: FDIRECTORY Command165224
File: Exec Node: FILCOM Program167920
File: Exec Node: FORDDT Program178800
File: Exec Node: FORTRAN Compiler187045
File: Exec Node: GET Command189684
File: Exec Node: HELP Program191491
File: Exec Node: INFORMATION Command193056
File: Exec Node: LOAD Command202778
File: Exec Node: LOGIN Command213117
File: Exec Node: LOGOUT Command217484
File: Exec Node: MACRO Assembler219941
File: Exec Node: MAIL Program222733
File: Exec Node: MAKLIB Program227999
File: Exec Node: MERGE Command237151
File: Exec Node: PLEASE Program239567
File: Exec Node: POP Command242810
File: Exec Node: PRINT Command244209
File: Exec Node: PUSH Command252341
File: Exec Node: RDMAIL Program254190
File: Exec Node: REENTER Command257490
File: Exec Node: RENAME Command258933
File: Exec Node: RESET Command262554
File: Exec Node: REWIND Command263411
File: Exec Node: RUN Command265023
File: Exec Node: SAVE Command266274
File: Exec Node: SET Command268760
File: Exec Node: SKIP Command272062
File: Exec Node: SORT Program274778
File: Exec Node: START Command286729
File: Exec Node: SYSTAT Command295665
File: Exec Node: TALK Command303031
File: Exec Node: TDIRECTORY Command306367
File: Exec Node: TERMINAL Command308448
File: Exec Node: TRANSL Program320301
File: Exec Node: TYPE Command321904
File: Exec Node: UNDELETE Command323796
File: Exec Node: UNLOAD Command326982
File: Exec Node: VDIRECTORY Command328453
File: EXEC Node: XINFO Program330713
End Tag Table: