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decuslib20-02
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decus/20-0047/cross.txt
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CROSS
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THE FORTRAN PROGRAM CROSS INCORPORATES MANY OF THE FEATURES OF
THE DISCRETE BRANCH OF PROJECT IMPRESS DEVELOPED AT DARTMOUTH
COLLEGE. USERS FAMILIAR WITH IMPRESS WILL NOTE CERTAIN DIFFER-
ENCES, SUCH AS A SIMPLIFICATION OF THE COMMAND HIERARCHY AND THE
FACT THAT VARIABLES AND CATEGORIES ARE NUMBERED INSTEAD OF BEING
LABELED.
CROSS IS INTENDED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED WHOLLY OR
PARTLY BY THE USER, AS, FOR EXAMPLE, A SURVEY CONDUCTED BY A
SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS. OBSERVATIONS OR RESPONSES ARE TO BE CODED
ACCORDING TO CERTAIN RULES AND THE DATA, PRESUMABLY PUNCHED ON
CARDS, READ INTO A DATA FILE BY MEANS OF THE FORTRAN PROGRAM
SURVEY. PROSPECTIVE USERS OF CROSS SHOULD REFER TO THE INSTRUC-
TIONS FOR THE PROGRAM SURVEY.
BEFORE RUNNING THE PROGRAM CROSS TO ANALYZE THE DATA, THE USER
MAY FIND IT HELPFUL TO OBTAIN A PRELIMINARY TABULATION OF RE-
SPONSES WITH THE PROGRAM SORTER.
PROGRAM CROSS
(CORRELATION OF RESPONSES WITH OPTIONS FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES)
DESCRIPTION
THIS PROGRAM CORRELATES RESPONSES TO SELECTED QUESTIONS OF A
QUESTIONNAIRE TO PRODUCE A TABLE OF MARGINAL FREQUENCIES FOR
ANY VARIABLE OR CROSS-TABULATIONS OF PAIRS OF VARIABLES (WITH
OR WITHOUT A CONTROL VARIABLE) GIVING FREQUENCIES, PERCENTAGES,
OR OTHER STATISTICS DESIRED BY THE USER. AN EXCLUSION ANALYSIS
IS MADE IN EVERY CASE. AN ITEM ANALYSIS MAY BE CARRIED OUT ON A
SELECTED SET OF VARIABLES AND THE RESULTS TABULATED AS A MATRIX
OF ITEM INTERCORRELATIONS. IN ADDITION, A MAPPING OPTION ALLOWS
RESPONSES TO BE GROUPED INTO NEW CATEGORIES, WHILE JOINING AND
POOLING OPTIONS LET THE USER CONSTRUCT NEW VARIABLES. MODIFIED
VERSIONS OF THE DATA FILE MAY BE SAVED FOR USE IN SUBSEQUENT
RUNS OF THE PROGRAM. THE USER HAS ACCESS AT ALL TIMES TO EVERY
VARIABLE IN THE SURVEY (AS MANY AS 128).
THE DATA ANALYSIS PART OF THIS PROGRAM IS AVAILABLE SEPARATELY
AS CROSS1. THE DATA MANIPULATION PART CAN BE RUN SEPARATELY AS
CROSS2.
SOURCE
NORMAN W. JOHNSON, DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, WHEATON COLLEGE,
NORTON, MASS.
INSTRUCTIONS
THE CODED RESPONSES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE SHOULD BE READ FROM
CARDS AND WRITTEN INTO AN ASCII DATA FILE BY THE PROGRAM SURVEY.
A PRELIMINARY TABULATION OF MARGINAL FREQUENCIES FOR ALL VARI-
ABLES THE USER INTENDS TO WORK WITH CAN BE OBTAINED BY RUNNING
THE PROGRAM SORTER.
THE PROGRAM WILL FIRST REQUEST THE USER TO ENTER THE NAME OF
THE DATA FILE. AFTER THIS IS DONE, A DESCRIPTION OF THE SURVEY
WILL BE TYPED. THE USER MAY THEN PROCEED TO ANALYZE THE DATA BY
GIVING ONE OF THE COMMANDS "XTAB" OR "ITEM", MAY REDEFINE OR RE-
STORE CATEGORIES WITH ONE OF THE COMMANDS "MAP" OR "UNMAP", MAY
CONSTRUCT OR DELETE VARIABLES WITH ONE OF THE COMMANDS "JOIN",
"POOL", OR "CUT", MAY TYPE "SAVE" TO PRESERVE THE CURRENT FORM
OF THE DATA AS A NEW FILE, MAY RESTORE THE ORIGINAL FORM OF THE
DATA WITH THE COMMAND "RESET", OR MAY TERMINATE THE EXECUTION OF
THE PROGRAM BY TYPING "STOP".
COMMANDS THAT TAKE VARIABLES AS ARGUMENTS MAY HAVE THE LIST OF
VARIABLES ENTERED ON THE SAME LINE AS THE COMMAND.
THE COMMAND "XTAB" ENABLES THE USER TO OBTAIN MARGINAL FREQUEN-
CIES FOR ANY ONE VARIABLE OR TO CROSS-TABULATE ANY PAIR OF VARI-
ABLES, USING A THIRD VARIABLE AS A CONTROL IF DESIRED. THE
CONTROL VARIABLE MAY BE RESTRICTED TO ONE CATEGORY BY FOLLOWING
THE THIRD VARIABLE NUMBER WITH AN EQUALS SIGN (=) AND A CATEGORY
NUMBER (0 TO 9). FOLLOWING THE THIRD VARIABLE NUMBER WITH AN
INEQUALITY SIGN (<>) AND A CATEGORY NUMBER HAS THE EFFECT OF
EXCLUDING RESPONDENTS IN THAT CATEGORY. IF TWO OR THREE VARI-
ABLES ARE SPECIFIED, ONE OR MORE OUTPUT OPTIONS MUST BE SELECTED
AND THE APPROPRIATE CODE NUMBERS ENTERED. THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS
ARE AVAILABLE:
0--EXCLUSION ANALYSIS ONLY
1--FREQUENCY OF RESPONSES
2--PERCENTAGES ACROSS
3--PERCENTAGES DOWN
4--PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL
5--CHI-SQUARE, DEGREES OF FREEDOM, AND PROBABILITY
6--GOODMAN AND KRUSKAL'S TAU
7--YULE'S Q OR GOODMAN AND KRUSKAL'S GAMMA
8--PHI COEFFICIENT OR KENDALL'S TAU
9--SOMER'S D
THE COMMAND "ITEM" PRODUCES A MATRIX OF ITEM INTERCORRELATIONS
(GOODMAN AND KRUSKAL'S GAMMA) FOR AS MANY AS NINE VARIABLES. A
VARIABLE PRECEDED BY A MINUS SIGN HAS ITS CATEGORIES REVERSED.
WHEN THE COMMAND IS GIVEN AS "ITEM PART", A CONTROL VARIABLE MAY
BE SPECIFIED. CORRELATIONS MAY BE LIMITED TO A CERTAIN SET OF
RESPONDENTS BY FOLLOWING THE CONTROL VARIABLE WITH AN EQUALITY
OR INEQUALITY SIGN AND A CATEGORY NUMBER.
THE COMMAND "MAP" ENABLES THE USER TO REGROUP THE RESPONSES TO
ANY QUESTION. FOR EACH VARIABLE OR BLOCK OF VARIABLES, THE USER
SPECIFIES HOW MANY NEW CATEGORIES ARE TO BE CREATED, THEN LISTS
THE CODE NUMBERS (0 TO 13) OF THE RESPONSES TO BE INCLUDED IN
EACH GROUP. NUMBERS MAY BE LISTED INDIVIDUALLY, SEPARATED BY
COMMAS, OR TWO NUMBERS MAY BE JOINED BY A HYPHEN TO FORM A BLOCK
OF CONSECUTIVE RESPONSES. BY TYPING "1" OR "KEEP" WHEN THE NUM-
BER OF NEW CATEGORIES IS REQUESTED, THE USER MAY PRESERVE THE
CURRENT GROUPING. TYPING "0" OR "UNMAP" RESTORES THE ORIGINAL
CODING. TYPING "-1" OR "REFLECT" REVERSES THE EXISTING CATE-
GORIES. TYPING "X" OR "EXCLUDE" ELIMINATES ALL CATEGORIES. A
LIST OF THE CURRENT CATEGORIES MAY BE OBTAINED BY TYPING "LIST".
AFTER EACH MAPPING THE USER MUST INDICATE WHETHER ANY CATEGORIES
ARE TO BE EXCLUDED. IF NOT, AN EXCLUSION CODE OF 0 IS ENTERED.
OTHERWISE, THE EXCLUSION CODE IS 1 IF THE USER DESIRES TO OMIT
THE HIGHEST NUMBERED CATEGORY, 2 IF THE TWO HIGHEST CATEGORIES
ARE TO BE OMITTED, ETC. LIKEWISE, AN EXCLUSION CODE OF -1 MAY
BE USED TO OMIT THE LOWEST NUMBERED CATEGORY, AND SO ON. AN EX-
CLUSION CODE CANNOT LEAVE FEWER THAN TWO CATEGORIES. HOWEVER,
THE USER MAY TYPE "X" TO ELIMINATE ALL CATEGORIES.
THE COMMAND "UNMAP" CANCELS THE EFFECT OF THE CURRENT MAPPING OF
THE VARIABLE OR VARIABLES SPECIFIED, THUS RESTORING THE ORIGINAL
CODING OF THE RESPONSES TO EACH QUESTION. THE ORIGINAL CODING
IS ALSO RESTORED WHEN THE PROGRAM IS RUN FROM THE BEGINNING,
UNLESS A MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DATA FILE HAS BEEN SAVED.
THE COMMAND "JOIN" ALLOWS THE USER TO COMBINE TWO OR THREE VARI-
ABLES INTO ONE NEW VARIABLE. ALL COMBINATIONS OF CATEGORIES
FOR THE GIVEN VARIABLES ARE ARRANGED IN A TABLE, WHICH THE USER
FILLS IN WITH THE NUMBERS (0 TO 9 WITH 11, 12, AND 13 FOR EX-
CLUSIONS) TO BE ASSIGNED TO THE CORRESPONDING CATEGORIES OF THE
NEW VARIABLE. AS IN THE CASE OF THE "XTAB" COMMAND, WHEN THREE
VARIABLES ARE LISTED, THE USER MAY SELECT OR REJECT A PARTICULAR
CATEGORY OF THE THIRD VARIABLE. THE "JOIN" COMMAND ALSO ALLOWS
SINGLE VARIABLES TO BE DUPLICATED AND PROVIDES A WAY OF HANDLING
VARIABLES WITH TWO- OR THREE-DIGIT CATEGORY NUMBERS.
THE COMMAND "POOL" MAY BE USED TO CONSTRUCT AN INDEX VARIABLE
FROM A BLOCK OF VARIABLES WITH SCALED RESPONSES, E.G., QUESTIONS
DESIGNED TO MEASURE RESPONDENTS' ATTITUDES. THE TOTAL SCORE OF
EACH RESPONDENT FOR THE BLOCK OF QUESTIONS IS COMPUTED, DIVIDED
BY THE NUMBER OF QUESTIONS, AND ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST INTEGER.
THE RESULTING CATEGORY NUMBER PLACES THE RESPONDENT ON A SCALE
FOR THE INDEX VARIABLE COMPARABLE TO THE ONE EMPLOYED FOR THE
VARIABLES USED TO CONSTRUCT IT.
THE COMMAND "CUT" PERMITS THE DELETION OF THE HIGHEST NUMBERED
VARIABLE OR VARIABLES, EITHER TO MAKE ROOM FOR NEW VARIABLES TO
BE CREATED BY JOINING OR POOLING OR TO ELIMINATE ONE OR MORE OF
THOSE MOST RECENTLY CREATED. THE USER SPECIFIES THE NUMBER OF
VARIABLES TO BE REMOVED BY ENTERING A DELETION CODE.
THE COMMAND "SAVE" ENABLES THE USER TO PRESERVE THE CURRENT FORM
OF THE DATA, INCORPORATING ALL MAPS, JOINS, POOLS, AND CUTS, AS
A NEW DATA FILE. THIS FILE MUST BE GIVEN A NAME, DIFFERENT FROM
THAT OF ANY EXISTING DATA FILE, CONSISTING OF FROM ONE TO FIVE
CHARACTERS. THE NAME MAY BE SPECIFIED IN THE "SAVE" COMMAND
(E.G., "SAVE FILNM") OR SEPARATELY.
THE COMMAND "RESET" RESTORES THE INITIAL STATE OF THE DATA, THUS
UNDOING THE EFFECTS OF ALL MAPS, UNMAPS, JOINS, POOLS, AND CUTS.
AFTER ANY OF THE ABOVE COMMANDS IS CARRIED OUT, A NEW COMMAND
MAY BE GIVEN. THE USER MAY SUPPRESS THE PRINTING OF TABLES OR
ANY OTHER OUTPUT IN ORDER TO GIVE A NEW COMMAND IMMEDIATELY BY
TYPING <CTRL>O AND PRESSING <RETURN>. FURTHER EXECUTION OF A
COMMAND MAY BE HALTED AT ANY BREAK POINT BY TYPING "ABORT".
WHENEVER THE USER IS EXPECTED TO GIVE A COMMAND OR TO PROVIDE
CERTAIN INFORMATION NEEDED FOR THE EXECUTION OF A COMMAND, AN
EXPLANATION OF WHAT IS REQUIRED MAY BE OBTAINED BY TYPING THE
WORD "EXPLAIN" OR SIMPLY A QUESTION MARK.
THIS PROGRAM ASSUMES THAT OUTPUT IS TO THE USER TERMINAL. IF
OUTPUT TO A FILE ON THE DISK IS DESIRED INSTEAD, THE DISK SHOULD
BE ASSIGNED LOGICAL UNIT 5 PRIOR TO RUNTIME.
REMARKS
THE COMPUTED VALUE OF CHI-SQUARE WITH ONE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
INCORPORATES A CORRECTION FOR CONTINUITY. THE CALCULATION OF
CHI-SQUARE IS ACCOMPANIED BY A WARNING IF THE EXPECTED FREQUENCY
IS LESS THAN 1 IN ANY CELL OR LESS THAN 5 IN MORE THAN 20 PER
CENT OF THE CELLS. KENDALL'S TAU HAS A CORRECTION FOR TIES.
REFERENCES
JAMES A. DAVIS, 'ELEMENTARY SURVEY ANALYSIS', PRENTICE-HALL,
ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, N.J., 1971.
JOHAN GALTUNG, 'THEORY AND METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH', COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW YORK, 1967.
E. TERRENCE JONES, 'CONDUCTING POLITICAL RESEARCH', HARPER &
ROW, NEW YORK, 1971.