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.ps 70,72;.nf;.lm 0;.nnm
DDD EEEE CCC
D D E C
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SS Y SS T EEE M M M ==== 1 0 0
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SSS III M M U U L AA
S I MM MM U U L A A
SS I M M M U U L AAAA
S I M M U U L A A
SSS III M M UU LLLLL A A
III M M PPP L EEE M M EEE N N TTT AA TTT III OO N N
I MM MM P P L E MM MM E N N T A A T I O O N N
I M M M PPP L EE M M M EE NN N T AAAA T I O O NN N
I M M P L E M M E N NN T A A T I O O N NN
III M M P LLL EEE M M EEE N N T A A T III OO N N
GGG U U III DDD EEEE
G U U I D D E
G U U I D D EEE
G GG U U I D D E
GGG UU III DDD EEEE
AUGUST 1978
Published by the
Swedish National Defence Research Institute
Section 142 (Datalogy)
S-10450 Stockholm 80
SWEDEN
.pg;.title DECsystem-10/20 SIMULA Implementation Manual
.sp 1;.lm 5;.ps 55,65;.number 1
.s;.nf
Swedish National Defense Research Institute##HE1 Report
Department 1#################################C8400-M3(E5)
S-10450 Stockholm 80#########################Aug 1978
.s 4;.c;DECsystem-10/20 SIMULA (1) IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL
.fn 4;.c;- - - - - - - - - - - -
(1) SIMULA is a registered trademark of the Norwegian Computing Center
!
.s 2;.c;1974-11-07
.s;UPDATED 74-12-11, 75-02-27, 75-04-18, 75-09-08, 76-03-17,
77-01-17, 77-11-08, 78-01-25, 78-08-23
.s;.c;By Reidar Karlsson and Lars Enderin
.s;.f;ABSTRACT: This manual contains information which may be useful
if you want to set up a SIMULA system on a DECsystem-10
installation running TOPS-10 or a DECsystem-20 installation (2)
running TOPS-20.
.fn 2
(2) The TOPS-20 version is not fully supported in this distribution of
SIMULA release 4.
!
.s;The contents of the SIMULA distribution tape are described, as
well as procedures for testing that SIMULA works and for loading the
SIMULA system to the SYS area of your computer.
.s;If you only want to compile and run SIMULA programs at your
installation, sections 2.1 and 2.2 of this document will tell you all
you need for this purpose.
.s;Most of the information in the manual is intended for those who
want to make their own modifications to the SIMULA system, or who
want to make the SIMULA modifications to the COMPIL (EXEC in
TOPS-20), LINK and SPRINT system programs (to make them recognize
that the extension ".SIM" means that a file should be compiled with
SIMULA etc.) These modifications are not necessary, but will make
SIMULA programming more convenient.
.s;This document reflects the software as of version 4A(310) of
DECsystem-10/20 SIMULA.
.s;SEARCH KEY: Computer, Programming, Programming Language, Algol,
Simula, Digital Equipment Corporation, DEC, PDP, DECsystem-10,
DECsystem-20, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, Compiler, Implementation.
.subtitle CONTENTS
.pg.nf;.s 3;CONTENTS
========
.s 3;###1##INTRODUCTION
.s;###2##THE SIMULA TAPE
.lm 11
.s;2.1##SIMULA SYSTEM FILES
2.1.1##TOPS-10 files (SIMSYS)
2.1.2##TOPS-20 files (SIMS20)
2.1.3##Documentation files (SIMDOC)
2.2##SETTING UP THE SIMULA SYSTEM
2.2.1##Compatibility with older SIMULA versions
2.2.2##Functional test of the SIMULA system
2.2.3##Changes in system programs
2.3##SETTING UP THE SIMULA SYSTEM FROM REL FILES
2.4##COMPILER FILES
2.4.1##Common files (SIMCOM)
2.4.2##Pass 1 files (SIMP1)
2.4.3##Pass 2 files (SIMP2)
2.4.4##Pass 3 files (SIMP3)
2.5##RUN TIME SYSTEM FILES (SIMRTS)
2.6##SIMDDT FILES (SIMDDT)
2.7##TOPS-20 VERSIONS OF SOURCE AND REL FILES (SIMT20)
2.8##UTILITY PROGRAMS (SIMUTI)
2.9##SIMULA PROGRAM LIBRARY (LIBSIM)
2.10#MAINTENANCE FILES (SIMMNT)
2.11#SIMULA DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS (SIMDEM)
.p -3,2,1;3##HOW TO CREATE A TEST VERSION
.s;3.1##THE QSYS SWITCH
3.2##THE QDEBUG SWITCH
3.3##THE QTRACE SWITCH
3.4##TEST VERSION GENERATION
.p -3,2,1;4##MODIFICATIONS TO DEC SYSTEM PROGRAMS
.s;4.1##MODIFICATIONS TO COMPIL (OR EXEC)
4.2.1##COMPIL changes (TOPS-10)
4.2.2##EXEC changes (TOPS-20)
4.2##MODIFICATIONS TO LINK-10 MODULES
4.3##MODIFICATIONS TO SPRINT-10
.p -3,2,5;.lm 5;5##STORAGE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS
.p -3,3,5;APPENDIX A. FILCOM LISTINGS
.s;A.1##COMPIL.MAC
A.2##LNKPAR.MAC
A.3##LNKERR.MAC
A.4##LNKWLD.MAC
A.5##SPRINT.MAC
.nf;.j;.lm 5;.subtitle Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
.pg;.i -5;1####INTRODUCTION
============
.f;.s 2;This document is primarily intended as an implementation handbook for
system programmers faced with the task of installing the SIMULA system at
a DECsystem-10 site with a KI10 or KL10 CPU (TOPS-10 monitor),
or at a DECsystem-20 site (TOPS-20 monitor).
.NOTE WARNING
.s;As of August 1978,
the TOPS-20 version is not satisfactorily tested because of lack
of proper testing facilities. It may have trouble with file handling
and other areas where TOPS-20 differs from TOPS-10 significantly.
.EN
.s;Information is included on how to update any part
of the SIMULA system, and how to generate a test version of the
whole system with several debugging facilities.
.s;If you make your own modifications to the compiler or run time system,
then you should clearly indicate this to all users by a line on each
program listing and a message to the TTY when running the compiler.
.s;The name SIMULA is a trade-mark of the Norwegian Computing Center.
This name may only be used on systems compatible with the SIMULA standard.
If you modify the system so that this is no longer true, you should not
call it SIMULA.
.s;The version of SIMULA described here cannot be run on a
KA10 CPU. Enquiries about the KA10 version
of the SIMULA system should be directed to the School of Computer
Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B0P 1X0,
Att: Wayne M. Brehaut, Ass. Professor.
.s;This manual is supplied in RUNOFF format on the SIMULA tape as
SIMIMP.RNM.
.s;The following references are used:
.s;[TD]##DECsystem-10/20 SIMULA Technical Documentation.
.br;[LH2]#DECsystem-10 SIMULA Language Handbook, part II.
.br;[LH3]#DECsystem-10 SIMULA Language Handbook, part III.
.subtitle Chapter 2 THE SIMULA TAPE
.pg;.i -5;2####THE SIMULA TAPE
.br;===============
.s 3;The SIMULA system files are distributed as a BACKUP tape written in
INTERCHANGE mode and containing several save sets.
The TOPS-10 BACKUP program or the TOPS-20 DUMPER
program can be used to read the tape.
The SIMULA files are described in this chapter.
.br;CTL and CMD files are only guides and may need to be modified.
.br;The SIMULA run time system is referred to as SIMRTS
or simply RTS in this document.
.s;The first saveset on the tape, "SIMIMP - SIMULA Implementation Guide",
contains this document (SIMIMP.MAN) and SIMIMP.RNM.
.p -5,3,10;2.1##SIMULA SYSTEM FILES
.s;These files are necessary to run SIMULA and should be on system
areas.
.nf;.p -5,2,10;2.1.1##TOPS-10 files
.s;Saveset: SIMSYS
.s 2;SYS:
---
.p 11,1,5;Compiler files
.s;SIMULA.EXE ;Compiler pass 1
SIMP2 .EXE ;Pass 2
SIMP3 .EXE ;Pass 3
SIMERR.ERR ;Error messages for the compiler
; (coded compactly)
.p 11,1,5;Run time files
.s;SIMR40.EXE ;Run time system, single high segment
SIMR41.EXE ;RTS hiseg, normal twoseg version
SIMR42.EXE ;RTS hiseg, initial twoseg version
SIMLIB.REL ;RTS library routines
.p 11,1,5;System support files
.s;SIMDD4.ABS ;SIMDDT debugging system (self-relocating)
LIBSIM.ATR ;SIMULA utilities library (attributes)
;Attributes are read by compiler to ensure
;correct interfaces to classes and procedures
LIBSIM.REL ;Relocatable code for utility classes and
;procedures
SIMDIR.EXE ;Shows external module interdependence
SIMATR.EXE ;Displays ATR file information
SIMED .EXE ;Tidies SIMULA program layout (see [LH2])
SAFEIO.ENG ;Message file for SAFEIO class (LIBSIM module)
SAFEIO.SWE ;Swedish version of messages
.s;REL:
---
SIMHGH.REL ;Library of REL modules used in high segment
; (same routines as included in SIMR40.EXE)
MAKSHR.REL ;Used for making a high segment SIMULA program
.s;HLP:
---
.s;SIMATR.HLP ;How to run SIMATR.EXE
SIMCOM.HLP ;Compilation help file
SIMDDT.HLP ;Debugging help file
SIMDIR.HLP ;How to use SIMDIR
SIMHGH.HLP ;Help file for using SIMHGH.REL and MAKSHR.REL
SIMRTS.HLP ;Execution help file
SIMULA.HLP ;General help file
.s;MIC:
---
.s;LIBSIM.MIC ;for handling your own LIBSIM.ATR and LIBSIM.REL.
.s;UNV:
---
.s;MACSIM.UNV ;for definition of symbols useful in MACRO-10
;subroutines. See [LH2] Appendix E.
.p -5,2,10;2.1.2##TOPS-20 SIMULA system files
.s;Saveset: SIMS20
.s 2;The following files replace corresponding files for TOPS-10:
.lm 16
.s;.i -11;SIMULA.EXE Compiler (all three passes).
Replaces SIMULA, SIMP2, SIMP3.
.i -11;SIMR40.EXE Run time system. Replaces (SIMR40, SIMR41, SIMR42).
.i -11;SIMED .EXE Loaded with TOPS-20 version of SIMLIB.REL
.i -11;SIMLIB.REL Should have TOPS-20 version of OCSP.
.i -11;SIMHGH.REL Should have TOPS-20 versions of IONF, OCIN, OCIO.
.i -11;SIMULA.HLP
.i -11;SIMCOM.HLP
.i -11;SIMRTS.HLP
.i -11;LIBSIM.ATR Some modules may have to
.i -11;LIBSIM.REL be replaced, otherwise
identical to TOPS-10 files.
.i -11;SLEEP#.REL Replaces SLEEP in LIBSIM.REL (Use MAKLIB)
.p -11,1,1;The following TOPS-10 files are unchanged:
.p -11,1,1;SIMERR.ERR
.i -11;SIMDD4.ABS
.i -11;SAFEIO.ENG
.i -11;SAFEIO.SWE
.i -11;SIMDDT.HLP
.lm 5
.s;Note! SIMDIR.EXE will not run correctly. SIMATR.EXE
will not handle wildcard file names (expects TOPS-10 UFD format).
.p -5,2,10;2.1.3##Documentation files
.s;Saveset: SIMDOC.
.s;The following file should be copied to the DOC_: area:
.s;SIMULA.DOC ;Details of SIMULA system updates
.s;If you can afford disk space:
.s;SIMLH1.MAN ;SIMULA Language Handbook part I
SIMLH2.MAN ; d:o part II
SIMLH3.MAN ; d:o part III
.f;.s;Other files in the saveset are not essential, but could be useful.
For example, RUNOFF input files are supplied.
.p -5,4,10;2.2##SETTING UP THE SIMULA SYSTEM
.s;The preceding sections specify the files necessary to get the
SIMULA system on the air.
You will have to perform some checking before bringing up the system,
at least if you already have an older SIMULA system. You may elect (a) to
save the old system on OLD_: or (b) to put the new system on NEW_: for
some time.
Since the new system will be checked out more thoroughly on SYS,
alternative (a) is recommended.
.p -5,2,10;2.2.1##Compatibility with older SIMULA versions
.s;If you want to run old .SAV or .EXE files from version 2 or 3 of SIMULA,
you should keep SIMR21.SHR, SIMR22.SHR and SIMDDT.ABS on SYS_:.
Starting with version 4, the RTS files and the SIMDDT debugging system
are named to show the version: SIMR4x.EXE, SIMDD4.ABS (x=0, 1 or 2).
Preferably, however, old programs should be reloaded to take advantage of the
new corrections and facilities.
REL files produced by SIMULA version 3 can be used with version 4.
It is not recommended to keep still older versions (1B) of SIMULA.
Note, e.g_., that ATR files from version 1B cannot be placed in
libraries. See SIMULA.DOC.
.p -5,2,10;2.2.2##Functional test of the SIMULA system
.s;You may test SIMULA on your own area before copying to system areas.
Put the system files on some area ([proj,prog] or <dir>).
.br;TOPS-10 commands:
.nf;
.R SETSRC
*LIB:[proj,prog] ;Only if not your own area
*SYS
*_^C
.ASSIGN DSK SYS
TOPS-20:
@DEFINE SYS: <dir>, SYS:
or
@DEFINE SYS: DSK:, SYS:
.f
HLP_: may also have to be ASSIGNed or DEFINEd.
.s;Try compiling and executing some demonstration program, possibly invoking
SIMDDT by _^C-REENTER or via the DEBUG command.
.br;If you have a SIMULA system already, you probably know what you want to
test. If you do not have SIMULA, you might as well put the system on the SYS
area without a special test.
.p -5,2,10;2.2.3##Changes in system programs
.s;To make it possible to use the SIMULA system automatically via the COMPIL class
commands and the batch processor, the special SIMULA changes must be made in
COMPIL (TOPS-20 EXEC), LINK and SPRINT-10. We hope that DEC will
include these changes in future versions
(LINK-10 2B and LINK-20 already have the changes),
but until then correction files
created by the CAM program in the SOftware Updating Package (SOUP)
are supplied to facilitate updating of your own versions.
The SOUP programs are described in the DECsystem-10
Software Notebooks. The correction files are named:
.nofill
COMPIL.COR to update COMPIL.MAC 22B(236)
LNKPAR.CO1 to update LNKPAR.MAC 1B(131)
LNKPAR.COR to update LNKPAR.MAC 2A(244)
LNKWLD.CO1 to update LNKWLD.MAC 1B(131)
LNKLOD.COR to update LNKLOD.MAC 2A(244)
LNKERR.CO1 to update LNKERR.MAC 1B(131)
LNKERR.COR to update LNKERR.MAC 2B(244)
SPRINT.COR to update SPRINT.MAC 2(1035)
.fill
These files are found in saveset SIMMNT.
The changes are documented in Chapter 4 MODIFICATIONS TO DEC SYSTEM PROGRAMS.
.br;FILCOM listings can be found in Appendix A.
The changes necessary in the TOPS-20 EXEC are also documented there.
.p -5,3,10;2.3##SETTING UP SIMULA FROM REL FILES
.s;All REL files needed to load a new SYS version are supplied. This will
save a lot of reassembling work if just a single module has to
be modified.
The REL files are contained in savesets SIMCOM, SIMP1, SIMP2, SIMP3, SIMRTS.
.s;SIMULA.CTL shows how to load and save the SIMULA system .EXE files.
.br;SIMLIB.CTL assumes the existence of FORLIB.REL
on the SYS area containing the modules:
.ts 5,13,21,29,37,45
.p 0,1,5;.nf
ACOS. ASIN. ATAN. SQRT. SINH. COSH.
TANH. EXP1 EXP2 EXP3 EXP. ALOG.
SIN. DEXP. DEXP.2 DEXP.3 DLOG. DSQRT.
DSIN. DATAN. FORXIT CFRXIT EXIDOT
.f
.s;If FORLIB is not available the distributed SIMLIB.REL can be used as a basis.
.s;LIBSIM.MIC can be used to maintain LIBSIM.ATR and LIBSIM.REL, if
the MIC (Macro Interpreted Commands) system is available
(DEC-10, monitor version 6.03 or higher only).
If MIC is not available, use FUDGE2 or MAKLIB. Note that the ATR
library MUST be indexed! The REL library should also be indexed
to speed up loading.
.P -5,4,10;2.4##COMPILER FILES
.s 2;A wild card (*) extension in the following means that both .MAC and .REL
files exist.
.p -5,2,5;2.4.1##Common files
.s;Saveset: SIMCOM.
.p -5,2,5;2.4.1.1##UNIVERSAL files
.s;Five parameter (UNIVERSAL) files are used to assemble the source code modules in
the SIMULA system. The .UNV files are created from the
corresponding .MAC files, possibly with a "prefix" file
(see below):
.nf;.s;SIMMAC.UNV##;Common definitions of macros and assembly
############;time constants
SIMMC1.UNV##;Pass 1 parameters, macros and constants
SIMMC2.UNV##;Pass 2 parameters, macros and constants
SIMMC3.UNV##;Pass 3 parameters, macros and constants
SIMMCR.UNV##;RTS field and symbol definitions
SIMRPA.UNV##;Additional RTS parameters, macros and constants
.f;.p -5,2,5;2.4.1.2##Prefix files
.s;The following files may be used as prefixes to SIMMAC.MAC
to change default parameter settings:
.s;SIMPRM.MAC##;TOPS-10
.br;SIMP20.MAC##;TOPS-20
.p -5,2,5;2.4.1.4##Common MAC and REL files
.s;The REL files are loaded in all 3 passes.
.nf;.s;DM .*
LOWSEG.* (1)
TRACE .* ;Only in trace version
.f;.s;SIMULA.CTL shows how to set up the SIMULA system from the REL files.
.p -5,2,5;2.4.2##Pass 1 files
.s;Saveset: SIMP1.
.nf;
.s;I1 .* (1)
.fn 4;.s;.c;- - - - - - - - - - - -
.br;(1) The .MAC file must be compiled with the TOPS-20 version
of SIMMAC.UNV to yield the TOPS-20 version - the normal version
is for TOPS-10.
!
D1 .*
DP .*
LC .*
LS .*
O1 .* (1)
P1DUMP.* ;Test version only
SD .*
SH .*
SM .*
SP .*
SR .*
SYS1 .*
T1 .* (1)
TRACEI.* ;Test version only, must be loaded as the
; last module in pass 1 if the compiler
; should be traced.
REL:HELPER.REL is also needed (may be on SYS:)
.p -5,2,5;2.4.3##Pass 2 files
.s;Saveset: SIMP2.
.s;I2 .* (1)
CA .*
CADB .* ;Test version only
CARL .*
CGCW .*
CGIW .*
CGOB .*
CGPA .*
CGRK .*
CGSA .*
DBDT .* ;Test version only
EX .*
M2 .*
O2 .*
O2RK .*
O2SA .* (1)
OD .*
OR .*
OREA .*
ORRK
.p -5,2,5;2.4.4##Pass 3 files
.s;Saveset: SIMP3.
.s;I3 .* (1)
E3 .* (1)
M3 .*
O3 .* (1)
SIMXRF.*
T3 .* (1)
TRACEB.* ;Test version only, must be loaded as the
; last module in pass 3 if the compiler
; should be traced.
.p -5,3,8;2.5##RUN TIME FILES
.s;Saveset: SIMRTS.
.p 11,1,5;High segment files
.s;CP .*
CS .*
CSSADM.* ;Only used in SIMR42.EXE
IO .*
IOED .*
IONF .* (1)
.fn 4;.s;.c;- - - - - - - - - - - -
.br;(1) The .MAC file must be compiled with the TOPS-20 version
of SIMMAC.UNV to yield the TOPS-20 version - the normal version
is for TOPS-10.
!
OCEP .*
OCIN .* (1)
OCIO .* (1)
PH .*
RTRACE.* ;Test version only, must be loaded as the
; last module in a one segment version of
; the run time system if the RTS should
; be traced.
SA .*
SADB .* ;Test version only, currently not usable
SIMRT1.PRE ;Prefix file for SIMRTS.MAC
SIMRT1.REL ;Generated from SIMRT1.PRE+SIMRTS.MAC
SIMRT2.PRE ;Prefix file for SIMRTS.MAC
SIMRT2.REL ;Generated from SIMRT2.PRE+SIMRTS.MAC
SIMRTS.* ;One seg version
TX .*
TXBL .*
REL:HELPER.REL is also needed (maybe SYS_: instead of REL:)
.p 11,1,5;SIMLIB modules (low segment)
MA .*
MAT .*
OCSP .* (1)
OCSP0.REL ;One seg version created
;from OCSP0.PRE+OCSP.MAC
PHFO .*
PHPT .*
RD .*
SANE .*
SS .*
SU .*
.p -5,3,5;2.6##SIMDDT FILES
.f;.s;Saveset: SIMDDT.
.s;SIMEDS.MAC, which contains the run time error messages,
is created by the utility program SUTEDS using SIMLH2.RNO as an input file.
SIMLH2.RNO can be a copy of SIMLH2.RNM or just appendix D of that file.
.br;See SIMULA.CTL.
.br;The following source files, when compiled as one combined file,
will generate SIMDDT.REL. Gives SIMDDn.ABS (n=version no) when executed with
SUTABS.REL (See SIMMNT).
.nf;.s;SIMDS1.MAC
SIMDS2.MAC
SIMDS3.MAC
SIMDS8.MAC
SIMEDS.MAC
SIMDS9.MAC
SIMDS7.MAC
.p -5,3,10;2.7##TOPS-20 SIMULA SYSTEM SOURCE AND REL FILES
.s;Saveset: SIMT20.
.f;.s;Most REL files, and almost all source (.MAC) files
for TOPS-20 are identical to the TOPS-10 files.
The TOPS-20 REL files are obtained by compilation with
the following .UNV files:
.s;SIMMAC.UNV ;TOPS-20 version
.br;MONSYM.UNV ;TOPS-20 version 2, Jan 1977
.br;UUOSYM.UNV ;TOPS-10 version 6.03
.s;Those files are supplied in this saveset for convenience.
The following modules should be substituted for TOPS-10 versions:
.nf;.s;Compiler files:
.s;LOWSEG.REL
.s;I1 .REL
O1 .REL
T1 .REL
.s;I2 .REL
O2SA .REL
.s;I3 .REL
E3 .REL
O3 .REL
T3 .REL
HIEND .* ;Addition. Defines YHIEND, must be
; loaded just before LOWSEG
.s;RTS files:
.s;IONF .REL
OCIN .REL
OCIO .REL
SIMRTS.REL ;Replaces SIMRT?.REL
OCSP .REL
.f;.s;Adaption to run SIMULA on TOPS-20 version 1B (system is generated
for version 2):
.s;V1B### .* ;Resolves external references STPPN%,
.br; ;PPNST%, DIRST%
.br;To be loaded in SIMULA.EXE and SIMR40.EXE.
.br;SIMULA.CMD and SIMRTS.CMD are also provided for loading the EXE files.
.p -5,3,5;2.8##UTILITY PROGRAMS
.s;Saveset: SIMUTI.
.s;Various programs, e.g_. for conversion between different SIMULA dialects,
formatting SIMULA programs, performing measurements on SIMULA programs, etc.
Described in [LH2], App. L, M, N.
SIMDIR.MAC is also placed here.
.p -5,3,10;2.9##SIMULA PROGRAM LIBRARY
.s;Saveset: LIBSIM.
.s;The library contains external modules (classes and procedures)
of general interest to users of SIMULA on the DECsystem-10/20.
.s;Examples:
.s;- Useful program packages written in SIMULA such as data base
packages, graphic packages, conversational I/O packages.
.s;- Useful MACRO-10 procedures to be called from SIMULA, e.g. for
object and binary I/O, access to monitor facilities like the
clock.
.s;The modules in this library are described in [LH3].
LIBSIM.ATR and LIBSIM.REL should be on SYS:
(they are in saveset SIMSYS).
Source (.MAC and .SIM) files and documentation files are placed in this
saveset.
.p -5,3,10;2.10#MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS
.s;Saveset: SIMMNT.
.s;For a detailed description of these programs refer to [TD] Chapter V.
UTILITY PROGRAMS.
.s;The parts of the DECsystem-10/20 SIMULA Technical Documentation [TD]
created as RUNOFF files or other DECsystem-10/20
files are also supplied here (* stands for MEM and RNO):
.f;.s;.lm 16
.i -11;TDHDR .*## Header and copyright pages
.i -11;TDCONT.*## Table of contents
.i -11;TDI###.*## Sections I.1-I.3 (System description)
.i -11;TDI8##.*## Sect I.8 (Documentation standard)
.i -11;TDII##.*## Sect II.1-II.A (Compiler description,
general and pass 1)
.i -11;TDIID#.*## Sect II.D (HIDDEN/PROTECTED implementation)
.i -11;TDIII#.*## Sect III (RTS description)
.i -11;TDIV##.*## Sect IV (SIMDDT debugging system)
.i -11;TDVII#.MEM Index, produced from TDINDX.USR (see TDI8)
.i -11;TDVIII.*## Names of source files
.i -11;TDREV6.MEM Summary of revision 6 to [TD]
.i -11;TDINDX.USR Input to INDEX program (see TDI8)
.lm 5;.s;The _.MEM files have been post-edited following the
RUNOFF execution by application of simple SOS command
files to change page numbering and insert blank lines after the subheading.
Most of those command files are supplied as the files ED*.
The files listed above correspond to about 50% of [TD].
Some significant sections are still only available as copies
from a type-written original:
.s;Sect I.4-I.6 on code generation, data formats, parameter files.
Sect I.7 KA-10 considerations. Sect I.9 Programming standard.
Sect I.10 Test standard. Sect II.B Compiler pass 2. Sect II.C
Compiler pass 3. Sect V UTILITY PROGRAMS. Sect VI Module documentation.
.lm 16;.p 0,1,5
.i -11;SUTABS.MAC is used to produce a new SIMDDn.ABS.
.i -11;SUTATR.MAC is an older version of SIMATR.
.i -11;SUTEDS.CBL is used to change or add run time error messages, creating a
new SIMEDS.MAC. Uses (appendix D of) SIMLH2.RNM as input.
Refer to [TD] Chapter IV.5 DIAGNOSTIC HANDLING.
.i -11;SUTERR.CBL is used to change or add compile time error messages,
creating a new SIMERR.ERR. Uses (appendix C of) SIMLH2.RNM
as input. Refer also to [TD] Chapter II.5
DIAGNOSTIC HANDLING.
.lm 5
.s;The remaining utility programs were developed solely for testing purposes.
.s;.lm 16
.i -11;SUTANA.MAC is used to process trace results. Output is the file ANALYS.TRC
containing statistics for the modules that have been traced.
Refer to [TD] Chapter I.10.7 How to trace the SIMULA system.
.i -11;SUTEDB.CBL with the separately compiled procedure DBSYMB.MAC is used
to edit the DEBUG output file nnnDEB.TMP.
.i -11;SUTGCA.ALG with FORTRAN subroutine RF.F4
is used to analyse the storage allocation algorithms
(i.e. to process the data on the file nnnGCP.TMP).
.i -11;SUTIND.SIM is used to produce an index to the Technical Documentation [TD].
.i -11;SUTLOD.ALG is used to check and load a generated REL-file and to dump the
loaded program.
.i -11;SUTLS1.CBL with the separately compiled procedure TYPE4.MAC is used to
dump the nnnLS1.TMP file.
.i -11;SUTMAP.MAC is a routine common to SUTANA.MAC and SUTTRC.MAC.
.i -11;SUTTRC.MAC is used to process trace results.
Output is an assembly listing for each traced module with the number
of executions for each instruction edited into the left margin.
Refer to [TD] Chapter I.10.7 How to trace the SIMULA system.
.lm 5
.p -5,3,10;2.11#SIMULA DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
.s;Saveset: SIMDEM.
.s;SIMDEM.HLP describes these programs.
.page
.lm 5
.subtitle Chapter 3 HOW TO CREATE A TEST VERSION
.page
.lm 5
.i -5;3####HOW TO CREATE A TEST VERSION
.br;============================
.s 2;The SIMULA system has been debugged in a test version. This version can
still be generated by appropriate setting of assembly time constants.
The prefix parameter file SIMPRM.MAC is introduced to simplify this.
If SIMPRM is omitted the default setting will generate a production version
for the SYS area. SIMPRM.MAC as distributed on the SIMULA
tape does not change default settings.
.br;On DECsystem-20, use SIMP20.MAC as prefix to SIMMAC.MAC.
.p -5,2,10;3.1##THE QSYS SWITCH.
.s;The following is not applicable to DECsystem-20. Instead,
.br;##DEFINE SYS: DSK:,SYS:
.s;If QSYS=1 swapping (GETSEG of a new high segment) in
both the compiler and the run time system will get the next
segment from the SYS area. SIMERR.ERR and SIMDDn.ABS are
also read from the SYS area.
Help files are read by HELPER, normally from device HLP:.
.br;If QSYS=0 the SIMULA system may reside on 7
different DSK areas by appropriate setting of the Q??PPN constants
in SIMPRM.MAC.
The swapping routine in the compiler will then automatically get
SIMULA from QP1PPN, SIMP2 from QP2PPN and SIMP3 from QP3PPN. A special
feature is, however, that the swapping routine will look for S1, S2 and S3
on your default area before looking for SIMULA, SIMP2 and SIMP3 on the special
pass PPN:s. This can be used by a system programmer who wants to
keep a local copy of one or more passes on his own area for testing purposes.
In the same way the run time system segments SIMR41 and SIMR42
(possibly only the single segment SIMR40) are read from
your default area in the first place and from QRTPPN otherwise.
.p -5,2,10;3.2##THE QDEBUG SWITCH
.s;If QDEBUG=1 the ASSERT macro generates code to check
the validity of some assumptions at run time and compile time.
Certain debugging facilities such as dump and trace
routines will also be available. This system is referred to as the test
version and in [TD] Chapters I.10, II.A.6, II.B.6, II.C.6, III.6
and IV.8 information on using these debugging facilities is given.
.p -5,2,10;3.3##THE QTRACE SWITCH
.s;This code has not been modified for DECsystem-20.
.s;If QTRACE=1 code is generated to make it possible to trace the
dynamic behaviour of the whole SIMULA system. Refer to [TD] Chapter I.10.7
How to trace the SIMULA system.
.p -5,2,10;3.4##TEST VERSION GENERATION
.s;When the assembly time constants in SIMPRM.MAC are set to
appropriate values, the whole SIMULA system, or the part of the system
that should be debugged, must be reassembled. Appropriate setting
will probably be QSYS==0, QDEBUG==1 and QTRACE==1, since this
combination was used during system development.
See SIMULA.CTL for files to be assembled. In the run-time system,
only OCSP need be assembled with QDEBUG==1. Specifically, SA.MAC
should not be compiled in a debug version since the data
structures do not permit this currently. The only UNV file affected
by QDEBUG and QTRACE settings is SIMMAC.UNV.
Test and production versions of
the compiler passes can be mixed. All three passes must, however,
contain a test version of the LOWSEG module. If the
QSYS switch is set to zero all modules referencing QSYS and QSYSDEV
must also be reassembled.
.s;If the run time system should be tested it is convenient to
use a version with only one high segment.
In SIMLIB you need only replace the OCSP module by the OCSP0 module.
Alternatively, load OCSP0.REL explicitly and let SIMLIB.REL be loaded
as usual.
(No difference on DECsystem-20).
The TOPS-20 version of the compiler is one EXE file and
also the RTS.
.s;If you want to test the run time system when running a SIMULA
program PROG.SIM a still more useful way is to load the program with
the DEBUG command together with the run time system modules, thus
getting access to all local symbols in the run time system
by DDT commands. SIMDEB.CMD contains a list of all run time modules
needed and the command may be written:
.br;#.DEBUG/DDT PROG.SIM,@SIMDEB,SIMLIB/SEARCH
.br;Simpler still:
.br;#.DEBUG/DDT PROG.SIM,/REL REL:SIMHGH,HELPER,DSK:SIMLIB/SEARCH
.br;The last specification can be omitted if no debugging of SIMLIB
is needed.
.subtitle Chapter 4 MODIFICATIONS TO DEC SYSTEM PROGRAMS
.page
.i -5;4####MODIFICATIONS TO DEC SYSTEM PROGRAMS
.br;====================================
.s 2;TOPS-10:
.s;To give SIMULA the status of a standard DECsystem-10 processor,
changes have been made in the DECsystem-10 programs
COMPIL, LINK-10 and SPRINT-10.
.s;All changes made in the system programs are governed by the
assembly time switch FQZSIM and are thus easy to locate via the
cross reference listing. FILCOM listings can be found in Appendix A.
.s;Some of the SIMULA changes have been included by DEC in the standard
software releases.
LINK-10 version 2B and following releases are updated.
.s;TOPS-20:
.s;On DECsystem-20, the source code may not be distributed. The necessary
SIMULA changes in EXEC will probably not be distributed until version 3
of TOPS-20.
If you cannot make or get the changes, the COMPILE and DEBUG commands will not work for
SIMULA, and automatic recompilation is not possible with the LOAD and
EXECUTE commands.
LINK-20 recognizes SIMULA, however, so LOAD and EXECUTE will
work as long as no recompilation is necessary.
.p -5,2,10;4.1##MODIFICATIONS TO COMPIL (OR EXEC)
.s;In TOPS-10, the COMPIL program interprets commands like COMPILE,
EXECUTE, LOAD, DEBUG. This is done in TOPS-20 by the EXEC process
which handles user commands. Corresponding changes are made in those
two programs to allow SIMULA to be treated like other language
processors.
.p -5,2,10;4.1.1##COMPIL changes (TOPS-10)
.s;The following changes have been made:
.lm 7
.i -2;- The assembly time switch FQZSIM is defined and set to -1.
.i -2;- The assembly time switch SIMULA is defined and for installations
where the SIMULA compiler should be accepted it should be set to 1
and for others it should be set to zero.
.i -2;- Details about the SIMULA compiler are included in the PROCESS macro.
.i -2;- If the SIMULA system is not included the switch SIMSW is defined and
set to zero. This is done to always make a test on SIMSW possible.
.i -2;- When a SIMULA program appears in a DEBUG command the string
.br;",SYS:SIMLIB/S/STA:.OCRE0/E/G" will end the command string to LINK-10.
A library search in SIMLIB is done to define the .OCRE0 entry. The first
action when the execution of the loaded program starts at .OCRE0 is to read
SIMDD4.ABS into core and start SIMDDT execution.
.i -2;- A minus sign is accepted in processor switches.
.br;E.g. .COMPIL SIMPRO.SIM (-W)
.i -2;- When the switch /CREF is given the output on the command file
nnnCRF.TMP to the CREF cusp is inhibited, because the SIMULA
compiler will produce its own cross reference listing.
.p -5,2,10;4.1.2#EXEC changes (TOPS-20)
.p -2,1,2;The changes are made in EXECCS.MAC.
.s;.i -2;- Define SIMULA in the LANGUAGE macro.
.i -2;-#In PASS2 of the scan, insert the string ",SYS:SIMLIB/SEARCH/STA:.OCRE0"
after the specifications have been processed. This defines the debug entry
point ".OCRE0" via SIMLIB.
.i -2;- Do not output /DEBUG switch to LINK for SIMULA debug.
.i -2;- If /CREF was specified, do not enter name into CREF file if SIMULA
module. SIMULA has its own CREF.
.i -2;- Define SIMULA in NAMES macro.
.s 2;.lm 5
.i -5;4.2##MODIFICATIONS TO LINK-10 MODULES.
.s;Changes have been made in LNKPAR, LNKLOD and LNKERR.
For LINK version 1B, the LNKLOD change was in LNKWLD.
.s;In LNKPAR:
.lm 7
.i -2;- The assembly time switch FQZSIM is defined and set to -1.
.i -2;- SIMULA is defined in the PROCESSORS
macro.
.i -2;- SIMULA is added to the keyword list of the switches SYSLIBRARY and
NOSYSLIBRARY.
.s;.i -2;In LNKLOD (LNKWLD for version 1B):
.i -2;- Code is inserted to initiate an automatic library search in
SIMLIB as soon as code generated by the SIMULA compiler is seen,
and to check and give an error message if "SIMULA main program
not loaded."
.s;.i -2;In LNKERR:
.i -2;- In the comment part of this module the medium length form of the new
error message is inserted. The long form of the error message
is defined and given the contents:
.br;"The user has loaded SIMULA procedures or classes without a
main program. Execution will be terminated because
of missing start address and undefined globals."
.s 2;.i -7;4.3##MODIFICATIONS TO SPRINT-10.
.s;.i -2;The following changes have been made:
.i -2;- The assembly time switch FQZSIM is defined and set to -1.
.i -2;- SIMULA is included in the macros CNAMES and LANGS if FQZSIM is
non-zero. This will imply that the $SIMULA card is accepted
as a $LANGUAGE card.
.subtitle Chapter 5 STORAGE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS
.page
.lm 5
.i -5;5####STORAGE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS
.br;=============================
.s 2;The data area (pool) allocated dynamically during a SIMULA program
execution will be increased in steps by CORE UUO:s, and a garbage
collection (GC) is done when the pool exceeds a certain limit.
The current version of DECsystem-20 SIMULA uses the unmodified KI-10
algorithm as described below. We lack data and resources to change the
algorithm at present.
.s;The initial value of the step size is 1P, and the GC limit is 4P
(i.e the first GC is done when a dynamic pool of 4P has been allocated
in steps of 1P). Depending on the allocation rate and information
on the accounting algorithm, new optimal values for the step size
and the GC limit are computed after each GC.
.s;The allocation will not be done in steps if the assembly time switch
QSASTE in SIMPRM.MAC is set off, and the SA.MAC module is
reassembled. This will probably be the best thing to do for
KA10 installations since frequent CORE requests will introduce
excessive overhead on KA10 systems due to job shufflings.
.s;The algorithms for computing optimal step size and GC limit
are dependent on the accounting algorithm and may be modified to
suit each individual installation to minimize the cost of SIMULA
program executions. The code is found in SA.MAC, routine .SANP.
The algorithms used are described in [TD] Chapter III.1.5.3.
The distributed system assumes that the accounted cost is
proportional to the CPU-time integral of
.s;.i 5
1.1 + 0.005*R*(R+20)/50
.s;where R is the total number of 512-word pages allocated to the job,
and that the CPU-time required for a CORE UUO is 4 ms on a KI10
system.
.skip
If your installation has very much core, or if your installation
has an accounting algorithm only dependent on time, not on core,
there may be reason to change these parameters to make
SIMULA use more core and less CPU-time.
.skip
On the other hand, if your installation has little core and the
CPU is not heavily loaded, or if accounting depends
entirely on kilo-core-seconds, there may be reason to change
the parameters to make SIMULA use less core and more CPU-time.
.subtitle Appendix A. FILCOM LISTINGS
.page
.tab stops 5,13,21,29,37,45,53,61
.i -5;
A####FILCOM LISTINGS
.br ;===============
.s 2;.i -5;
A.1##COMPIL.MAC
.s 2;.nofill
.i -2;
- Code is inserted to initiate an automatic library search in
SIMLIB as soon as code generated by the SIMULA compiler is seen:
File 1) DSK:COMPIL.MAC created: 2223 25-FEB-1975
File 2) DSK:COMPIL.MAC[10,7] created: 0000 29-AUG-1974
.s;1)1 FQZSIM==-1 ;QZ-MODIFICATIONS FOR SIMULA *******
1) VCOMPIL==22
****
2)1 VCOMPIL==22
**************
1)1 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) IFNDEF SIMULA,<SIMULA==1>> ;ACCEPT SIMULA COMPILER
1) IFNDEF DEBSW,<DEBSW==0> ;DEBUGGING AIDS IF NON-ZERO
****
2)1 IFNDEF DEBSW,<DEBSW==0> ;DEBUGGING AIDS IF NON-ZERO
**************
1)5 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) IFN SIMULA,<X SIMULA,SIM,SIMULA,,,,=>>
1) >
****
2)5 >
**************
1)6 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) IFE SIMULA,<SIMSW==0>>
1) LOOK==0 ;CHANNEL FOR DOING LOOKUPS FOR INFORMATION
****
2)6 LOOK==0 ;CHANNEL FOR DOING LOOKUPS FOR INFORMATION
**************
1)25 IFE FQZSIM,<
1) JRST .+4 ;NO
1) >
1) IFN FQZSIM,<
1) JRST .+6
1) CAMN T2,[',SYS: '] ;SIMULA DEBUG?
1) JRST [PUSHJ P,OUTSIX ;YES OUTPUT ',SYS:SIMLIB/S
1) MOVE T2,['SIMLIB'] ; /STA:.OCRE0/E'
1) PUSHJ P,OUTSIX ; SIMLIB MUST BE SEARCHED FIRST
1) MOVE T2,['/S/STA'] ; TO DEFINE THE START ADDRESS
1) PUSHJ P,OUTSIX ; .OCRE0 WHERE THE FIRST
1) MOVE T2,[':.OCRE'] ; ACTION IS TO LOAD AND
1) PUSHJ P,OUTSIX ; START SIMDDT
1) MOVSI T2,'0/E'
1) JRST .+1]
1) >
1) PUSHJ P,OUTSIX ;YES, /E
****
2)25 JRST .+4 ;NO
2) PUSHJ P,OUTSIX ;YES, /E
**************
1)46 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) CAIN C,"-" ;ALLOW MINUS FOR SWITCHES TO SIMULA
1) JRST PROCS2
1) >
1) CAIN C,"(" ;[221] ALLOW "(" TO ENCLOSE SWITCH VALUES
****
2)46 CAIN C,"(" ;[221] ALLOW "(" TO ENCLOSE SWITCH VALUES
**************
.page
File 1) DSK:COMPIL.MAC created: 2223 25-FEB-1975
File 2) DSK:COMPIL.MAC[10,7] created: 0000 29-AUG-1974
1)53 IFE FQZSIM,<
1) TLNN FL2,CBLSW!BLISW ;DON'T WRITE /CREF IF COBOL OR BLISS (SPECIAL)
1) >
1) IFN FQZSIM,<
1) TLNN FL2,CBLSW!BLISW!SIMSW ;NOT FOR SIMULA EITHER
1) >
1) PUSHJ P,ENTCRF ;PUT IT IN THE _#_#_#CREF FILE
****
2)53 TLNN FL2,CBLSW!BLISW ;DON'T WRITE /CREF IF COBOL OR BLISS (SPECIAL)
2) PUSHJ P,ENTCRF ;PUT IT IN THE _#_#_#CREF FILE
**************
1)55 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) CAIN T2,_^L<SIMSW>-22 ;SIMULA DEBUG?
1) JRST [POP P,T2 ;JUNK
1) MOVE T2,[',SYS: '] ;INDICATE SIMULA DEBUG WITH
1) MOVEM T2,EXECFL ;,SYS: IN EXECFL
1) JRST NODDT]
1) >
1) GETDD1: TRNE FL,LINKFL ;IF LINK-10
****
2)55 GETDD1: TRNE FL,LINKFL ;IF LINK-10
**************
.pg;A.1.1 CHANGES IN EXECCS.MAC (TOPS-20)
.s;Only changed text is listed here
(additions only, there are no replacements).
.s;File 1) DSK:EXECCS.MAC created: 1711 16-JUNE-1976
File 2) DSK:E.MAC created: 1418 18-MAR-1977
.s;2)4 L (SIMULA,SIM,SIMULA,SIM)
2) >
****
2)8 TXNE P1,F%SDDT ;DEBUG?
2) CALL SIMDEB ;Must handle SIMULA debug after spec output
2) HRROI B,[ASCIZ "/EXE"] ;ASSUME EXECUTE
****
2)9 SETDEB: MOVE B,DEBAID ;SIMULA waits till after
2) CAIN B,LT.SIM ;output of
2) RET ;specif. list
2) HRROI B,[ASCIZ "/DEBUG"]
2) CALL TSOUT0
****
2)9 ;Routine to output DEBUG command string to LINK for SIMULA
2) SIMDEB: SKIPE B,DEBAID ;Debugging aid requested?
2) CAIE B.LT.SIM ;Yes, SIMULA?
2) RET ;NO
2)10 ;LSCAN - ROUTINE TO CRAWL THROUGH LIST OF FILE SPECS
****
2)13 CAIN P4,LT.SIM ;Not for SIMULA either
2) JRST BLDCM3
2) CALL ENTCRF ;ENTER NAME IN CREF FILE
****
2)50 NM (SIMULA,S%LTYP,LT.SIM)
2) NM (SNOBOL,S%LTYP,LT.SNO)
****
.page
.i -5;
A.2##LNKPAR.MAC
.s 2;File 1) DSKB:LNKPAR.MAC created: 1647 27-FEB-1975
File 2) DSKD:LNKPAR.MAC created: 1417 13-JULY-1974
.s;1)2 FQZSIM==-1 ;ACCEPT SIMULA COMPILER
1) IFN FQZSIM,<
1) X SIMULA,SIM
1) >
1) ND FTOVERLAY,1 ;1= OVERLAY MODULE REQUIRED
****
2)2 ND FTOVERLAY,1 ;1= OVERLAY MODULE REQUIRED
**************
1)28 IFE FQZSIM,<
1) KEYMAC LIB,<ANY,F40,COBOL,ALGOL,NELIAC,PL1,BLISS,SAIL,FORTRAN,MACRO,FAIL,BCPL,MIDAS>
1) >
1) IFN FQZSIM,<
1) KEYMAC LIB,<ANY,F40,COBOL,ALGOL,NELIAC,PL1,BLISS,SAIL,FORTRAN,MACRO,FAIL,BCPL,MIDAS,SIMULA>
1) >
1) KEYMAC MAP,<END,NOW,ERROR,INCREMENTAL>
****
2)28 KEYMAC LIB,<ANY,F40,COBOL,ALGOL,NELIAC,PL1,BLISS,SAIL,FORTRAN,MACRO,FAIL,BCPL,MIDAS>
2) KEYMAC MAP,<END,NOW,ERROR,INCREMENTAL>
**************
.s;.page
.i -5;
A.3##LNKERR.MAC
.s 2;File 1) DSKB:LNKERR.MAC created: 1648 27-FEB-1975
File 2) DSKD:LNKERR.MAC created: 2240 08-JULY-1974
.s;1)7 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) SMP %W %W SIMULA main program not loaded
1) >
1) SNC %F %F Symbol [symbol] already defined, but not as common
****
2)7 SNC %F %F Symbol [symbol] already defined, but not as common
**************
1)8 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) HASH SMP,0,<_^__
1) The user has loaded SIMULA procedures or classes without a
1) main program. Execution will be terminated because of
1) missing start address and undefined symbols.>
1) >
1) HASH SNC,0,<_^__
****
2)8 HASH SNC,0,<_^__
**************
.page
.i -5;
A.4##LNKLOD.MAC
.s 2;File 1) DSKB:LNKLOD.MAC created: 1648 27-FEB-1975
File 2) DSKD:LNKLOD.MAC created: 1804 12-JULY-1974
.s;1)63 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) SIM.L1: SKIPE LODNAM ;MAIN PROGRAM SEEN YET?
1) JRST SIM.L0 ;YES
1) .ERR. (MS,,V%L,L%W,S%W,SMP,<SIMULA main program not loaded>)
1) SIM.L0: MOVE P1,['SIMLIB']
1) PJRST LOAD1
1) >
1) QREENT: SKIPE T1,OTSEG ;HAS USER DECIDED WHICH WAY TO LOAD?
****
2)63 QREENT: SKIPE T1,OTSEG ;HAS USER DECIDED WHICH WAY TO LOAD?
**************
.page
.i -5;
A.5##SPRINT.MAC
.s 2;File 1) DSK:SPRINT.MAC created: 2229 25-FEB-1975
File 2) DSK:SPRINT.MAC[10,6] created: 1258 29-SEPT-1974
.s;1)7 IFNDEF FQZSIM,<FQZSIM==-1>
1) ;If FQZSIM is non-zero, the $SIMULA card will be
1) ; accepted as a language card
1)8 SUBTTL Conditional Assembly Parameters
****
2)8 SUBTTL Conditional Assembly Parameters
**************
1)79 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) X SIMULA,$SIMULA,CD.LAN,
1) >
1) >
****
2)79 >
**************
1)83 IFN FQZSIM,<
1) L $SIMULA,SIM,SIM,R
1) >
1) >
****
2)83 >
**************