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.TITLE ^^ZAP! - THE ZOFTIG ALTERATION PROGRAM
.SUBTITLE     USER'S GUIDE
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Z#####A#####P#####!
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ZOFTIG ALTERATION PROGRAM
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USER'S GUIDE
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#####################DANIEL KOHANSKI
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####################CCIS S\\YSTEMS ^GROUP^^
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#####################RUTGERS UNIVERSITY
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#####################NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J.
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#####################JANUARY 1975
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I. B\\ASIC ^PROPERTIES OF ^^ZAP!\\
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^THE PURPOSE OF ^^ZAP!\\ IS TO PERMIT MINOR MODIFICATIONS OF DISK
FILES ON THE ^^PDP-10\\. ^IT IS NOT INTENDED AS AN ADDITION TO OR
REPLACEMENT FOR ANY OF THE VARIOUS TEXT EDITORS OR ^^DDT\\.
^IT WAS ORIGINALLY CONCEIVED OF AS AN EMERGENCY SURGICAL TOOL TO BE USED
ON LARGE BINARY DATA SETS, AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS HAVE KEPT
THIS IDEA IN MIND.
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^AS SUCH, ^^ZAP!\\ WILL NOT EXPAND OR CONTRACT THE FILE; IT
WILL ONLY REPLACE ONE STRING WITH ANOTHER OF THE SAME SIZE. ^FURTHERMORE,
NO BACKUP FILES ARE CREATED. ^UPDATING IN PLACE IS USED, WHICH IS
FASTER, BUT DOES REQUIRE SOME USER RESPONSIBILITY. ^WHILE CERTAIN
DEFENSIVE MEASURES ARE TAKEN (THE ^^RIB\\, FOR EXAMPLE, CANNOT
BE ^^ZAP\\PED), IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE USER KNOWS WHAT HE IS 
DOING. ^THAT IS, HE SHOULD KNOW EXACTLY WHAT HIS DATA LOOKS LIKE IN BINARY
FORM AND WHAT EFFECTS WILL RESULT FROM HIS CHANGING IT.

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^^ZAP!\\ OPERATES ON ONE FILE AT A TIME, AND WITHIN THE FILE, ON
ONE BLOCK (128 DECIMAL WORDS) AT A TIME. ^ANY NUMBER OF OPERATIONS
MAY BE PERFORMED ON THE SAME BLOCK, AND ANY BLOCK MAY BE SELECTED
AT RANDOM.
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(^FOR THE UNINITIATED, ^^ZOFTIG\\ IS ^YIDDISH FOR "STRONG".)
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^^DISCLAIMER\\
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^WHILE ^^ZAP!\\ HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY TESTED
AND PERFORMS AS DESCRIBED HEREIN, NO GUARANTEE IS EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED BY THE AUTHOR OR ^RUTGERS ^UNIVERSITY, WHICH ASSUME NO
RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR ANY ACTIONS OF THIS PROGRAM.
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^USERS DISCOVERING BUGS ARE REQUESTED TO REPORT THEM TO THE AUTHOR.
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^^II. F\\ILE ^COMMANDS
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###(^IN THE COMMAND PROTOTYPES, PARAMETERS IN <> ARE OPTIONAL; NAMES
IN LOWER CASE ARE TO BE REPLACED BY THE APPROPRIATE VALUE. ^ALL
COMMANDS ARE ONE LETTER. ^ALL NUMBERS ARE OCTAL.)
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^FFILE.EXT<[P,PN]>
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^OPEN FILE "FILE.EXT" TO BE WORKED ON. ^THIS FAILS
IF A FILE IS ALREADY OPEN, OR IF NO FILE EXISTS BY THAT NAME.
(^THE USER WILL RECEIVE THE APPROPRIATE ERROR MESSAGE IN EACH CASE.)
 ^IF THE
USER HAS READ BUT NOT WRITE ACCESS TO THE FILE, THE FILE WILL BE
OPENED IN ^^PROTECTED\\ MODE (SEE BELOW SECTION ^^VII\\).
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^AN ALTERNATIVE COMMAND IS:
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^AFILE.EXT<[P,PN]>
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^CLOSE THE CURRENT FILE, IF ONE IS OPEN, AND OPEN THE NEW ONE.
^READ IN THE FIRST BLOCK, SET THE MODE TO OCTAL (SEE BELOW SECTION ^^III\\), AND
DISPLAY ALL RELEVANT INFORMATION (SEE THE ^I COMMAND SECTION ^^VII\\).
^THIS WILL FAIL IF A ZAPPED BLOCK IS STILL IN CORE.
(^A "ZAPPED" BLOCK IS A BLOCK IN WHICH AT LEAST ONE WORD
HAS BEEN CHANGED - ZAPPED - BUT THE BLOCK HAS NOT YET BEEN WRITTEN BACK
ONTO THE DISK.)
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^AT THE START OF A ^^ZAP!\\ SESSION, ONE MAY PEFORM THE EQUIVALENT OF
THE ^A COMMAND BY TYPING:
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^R ^^ZAP\\-FILE.EXT<[P,PN]>
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^AFTER THE FILE IS OPENED, THE DESIRED BLOCK MUST BE SPECIFIED:
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^RN OR ^R+<N> OR ^R-<N>
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WHERE "N" IS THE BLOCK NUMBER, IN OCTAL, OR THE NUMBER
OF BLOCKS TO MOVE FORWARD (+) OR BACKWARD (-) FROM THE CURRENT
ONE. ^THE SIZE OF THE FILE IN BLOCKS IS GIVEN AS PART OF THE
^I COMMAND. ^IF A ZAPPED BLOCK IS STILL IN CORE, THE USER IS
GIVEN THE OPTION OF REREADING THE BLOCK BY TYPING "^R",THEREBY
WIPING OUT ALL ZAPS ON THAT BLOCK.
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^AFTER A BLOCK HAS BEEN ZAPPED (ALTERED), IT MUST BE WRITTEN BACK ONTO
THE DISK BY THE COMMAND:
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^W
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^THIS ENSURES THAT THE USER DETERMINES THAT THE BLOCK IS IN THE DESIRED
CONDITION. ^IF NO CHANGES HAVE BEEN MADE, THE BLOCK WILL NOT BE WRITTEN.
^AFTER THIS COMMAND HAS BEEN EXECUTED, THE BLOCK IS NO LONGER
CONSIDERED "ZAPPED", AND THE ^R, ^C, ^E AND ^A COMMANDS HAVE THEIR
USUAL EFFECT.
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^AFTER ALL WORK IS DONE, THE FILE MUST BE CLOSED:
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^C OR ^E OR _^^C_^^C (CTRL-^C)
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^ANY OF THESE WILL CLOSE THE FILE; ^E AND _^^C_^^C WILL EXIT AFTER
CLOSING. (^THERE IS ONE SPECIAL CASE WHERE _^^C_^^C HAS A
DIFFERENT EFFECT; SEE BELOW, SECTION ^V^I.) ^THESE COMMANDS
WILL NOT WORK IF A ZAPPED BLOCK IS STILL IN CORE. ^IN THIS CASE, THE
USER WILL BE ALLOWED TO CLOSE THE FILE WITHOUT
WRITING THIS BLOCK (COMMAND "^C") OR REREAD THE BLOCK ("^R").
^USE OF ANY OTHER COMMAND AT THIS POINT WILL CANCEL THIS
SPECIAL USE OF THE ^C AND ^R COMMANDS.
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^^III. D\\ATA ^MODES
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^THE DATA MODE (ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE DISPLAY/ZAP MODE)
GOVERNS MOST OF THE REMAINING COMMANDS. ^IT SPECIFIES THE WAY THE
BLOCK IS DISPLAYED, WHAT KIND OF STRING TO LOOK FOR, AND WHAT TO
ZAP IT WITH.
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^THE MODE IS SET BY THE COMMAND:
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^MK
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WHERE K IS:
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#^O -###OCTAL
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#^S - ###SIXBIT
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#^K - ###ASCII CHARACTER
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#^A -###ASCII (7-BIT)
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#^I -###INSTRUCTION
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^THE ORIGINAL MODE WHEN A FILE IS OPENED IS OCTAL. ^THE CURRENT
MODE REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL THE NEXT ^M, ^F OR ^A COMMAND.
^R AND ^W DO NOT CHANGE THE MODE.
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^THE FOLLOWING MODE DEFINITIONS ARE GIVEN FOR
THE DISPLAY COMMAND. ^WITH SLIGHT VARIATIONS, THEY ARE TO BE FOLLOWED
WHEN INPUTTING VALUES. ^DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OUTPUT AND INPUT
FORMS WILL BE NOTED AS APPROPRIATE.
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^^OCTAL\\ - ^EACH WORD IS DISPLAYED AS TWO HALF WORDS OF SIX DIGITS EACH.
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^^SIXBIT\\ - ^EACH WORD IS DISPLAYED AS SIX CHARACTERS IN SIXBIT MODE.
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^^ASCII CHARACTER \\- ^EACH WORD IS DISPLAYED AS 5 CHARACTERS IN
7-BIT ASCII. ^CONTROL CHARACTERS ARE PRINTED AS "_\" (BACKSLASH). ^THE
LOW ORDER BIT (BIT 35) IS IGNORED AND IS NOT ACCESSIBLE.
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^^ASCII \\(7-BIT) - ^EACH WORD IS DISPLAYED AS 5 GROUPS OF 3 DIGITS EACH,
WHERE THE FIRST DIGIT IS 0 OR 1, AND THE REMAINING DIGITS ARE 0-7.
^THE LOW ORDER BIT (BIT 35) IS DISPLAYED AS 0 OR 1. ^THE
CHARACTER EQUIVALENTS ARE ALSO SHOWN.
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^^INSTRUCTION\\ - ^EACH WORD IS DISPLAYED AS AN INSTRUCTION, WITH THE OP,
A/F, Y, X AND INDIRECT FIELDS ARRANGED AS IN ^^MACRO-10\\.
^THE ^^CALLI\\ MNEMONICS ARE INCLUDED THROUGH ^^SUSET.\\ (^^CALLI 146\\).
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^^IV. DISPLAY/ZAP\\ ^COMMANDS
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^ONCE A BLOCK IS IN CORE, ANY PORTION OF IT CAN
BE DISPLAYED IN CURRENT MODE: (ALL REFERENCES ARE
RELATIVE TO THE START OF THE BLOCK)
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^D<LOC<,N>>
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^IF "LOC" BUT NOT ",N" IS GIVEN, ONLY LOCATION "LOC" IS DISPLAYED.
^IF ",N" BUT NOT "LOC" IS GIVEN, THE FIRST N LOCATIONS ARE SHOWN.
^IF "LOC,N" IS GIVEN, N LOCATIONS STARTING AT "LOC" ARE DISPLAYED.
^SAYING JUST "^D" MEANS DISPLAY THE ENTIRE BLOCK. ^ALL VALUES ARE
IN OCTAL.
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^TO CHANGE A SINGLE WORD IN A BLOCK, THE COMMAND IS:
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^ZLOC
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^ONLY ONE LOCATION AT A TIME CAN BE ZAPPED. ^THE WORD TO
BE ZAPPED IS FIRST DISPLAYED, THEN THE USER TYPES IN HIS CHANGES.
^WHEN HE IS DONE, THE ENTIRE WORD IS AGAIN DISPLAYED, AND THE
BLOCK IS FLAGGED AS BEING ZAPPED. ^THE ^R, ^C, ^E AND ^A
COMMANDS WILL NOT HAVE THEIR USUAL EFFECT.
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^^IV\A. ZAP! E\\DITING ^CONVENTIONS
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^ONLY THOSE CHARACTERS WHICH ARE LEGAL IN THE CURRENT MODE
MAY BE TYPED IN; ILLEGAL CHARACTERS ARE ECHOED AS "?", AND THE
CURSOR IS NOT MOVED. ^WHERE A WORD CONSISTS OF MORE THAN ONE
GROUP (ASCII, OCTAL), THE GROUP SEPARATION CHARACTER IS PROVIDED BY
THE PROGRAM.
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^WHEN ENTERING A NEW VALUE, CERTAIN CHARACTERS HAVE SPECIAL MEANINGS:
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CTRL-^L - FORWARD SPACE; THAT IS, RETAIN THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF THE
CURRENT CHARACTER.
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CTRL-^H - BACKSPACE ONE CHARACTER. ^BACKSPACING PAST THE START OF THE
WORD IS EQUIVALENT TO RUBOUT.
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RUBOUT - RETAIN THE ORIGINAL VALUE. ^DO NOT FLAG THE BLOCK ZAPPED, UNLESS
IT HAS BEEN ZAPPED ALREADY.
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ESCAPE - FINISH OUT THE WORD WITH THE OLD VALUE. ^EQUIVALENT TO A SERIES
OF CTRL-^L'S.
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^NOTES:
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1. ^IN ASCII CHARACTER MODE, ANY CONTROL CHARACTER CAN BE TYPED BY PRECEDING
IT WITH ! (EXCLAMATION MARK). ^THE NEXT CHARACTER IS MADE INTO A
CONTOL CHARACTER (THUS, FOR _^^C (003), TYPE !^C. ^RUBOUT (177) IS ENTERED
BY !RUBOUT.) ^THE EXCLAMATION MARK ITSELF IS ENTERED AS "!!".
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2. ^IN ASCII MODE, THE FIRST BIT OF EACH GROUP (BYTE) MUST BE 0 OR 1, AS
MUST BE BIT 35.
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3. ^IN INSTRUCTION MODE, TYPE A SPACE AFTER THE OP CODE
OR ITS MNEMONIC IF IT IS LESS THAN
SIX CHARACTERS; THE PROGRAM WILL SUPPLY THE REMAINING SPACES. ^BACKSPACING
IS PERMITTED ONLY TO THE START OF THE CURRENT FIELD. ^IT IS NOT 
NECESSARY TO INDICATE THOSE FIELDS WHICH ARE NOT INCLUDED.
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^^V. S\\EARCH ^COMMAND - ^BASICS
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^THIS IS THE MOST POWERFUL COMMAND IN THE ^^ZAP!\\ REPERTOIRE. ^IT
WILL SEARCH AN ENTIRE FILE LOOKING FOR A SINGLE PATTERN AND REPLACE IT
AUTOMATICALLY. ^BECAUSE OF ITS COMPLEXITY, ITS EXPLANATION HAS
BEEN BROKEN INTO TWO SECTIONS.
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^THE BASIC SEARCH COMMAND IS:
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^S
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^THE SEARCH ROUTINE WILL TYPE OUT THE CURRENT MODE AND ASK THE
USER FOR THE STRING (VALUE) TO BE LOOKED FOR. ^THIS STRING MAY BE UP
TO ONE WORD (36 BITS) IN SIZE, AND IS ENTERED ACCORDING TO THE ^^ZAP!\\
EDITING CONVENTIONS.
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^NOTES:
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1. ^WHEN ENTERING THE SEARCH VALUE, CTRL-^L (FORWARD SPACE) IS NOT 
RECOGNIZED.
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2. ^IN INSTRUCTION MODE, "^X" FOR THE OP CODE MEANS IGNORE THE OP
CODE PART. ^OTHER FIELDS WHICH ARE OMITTED ENTIRELY WILL NOT BE
INCLUDED IN THE SEARCH.
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3. ^ZERO IS A SEARCH VALUE IDENTICAL IN BEHAVIOR TO ANY
OTHER DIGIT.
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4. ^ESCAPE (ALTMODE) DEFINES THE END OF THE SEARCH STRING, IF IT IS LESS
THAN A FULL WORD IN LENGTH.
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5. ^THE SEARCH IS CONFINED TO THE CURRENT BLOCK; EACH NEW SEARCH RETURNS
TO THE START OF THE BLOCK.
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^WHEN THE STRING IS FOUND, THE USER IS OFFERED THE OPPORTUNITY
OF ZAPPING IT. ^THE CURSOR OR TYPE ELEMENT IS PLACED UNDER
THE FIRST CHARACTER OF THE MATCHING STRING (BACKSPACING IS ALLOWED).
^IF THE STRING IS SPLIT BETWEEN TWO WORDS, THE USER IS
GUIDED IN ZAPPING EACH PART SEPARATELY.
(^INSTRUCTION MODE IS ALWAYS A SINGLE WORD.)
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^THE ^^ZAP!\\ EDITING CONVENTIONS APPLY WHEN TYPING IN THE NEW VALUE.
^IF ^^RUBOUT\\ IS TYPED, THE WORD IS UNCHANGED; THE SECOND PART (IF ANY)
WILL NOT BE SHOWN.
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#####^ADDITIONAL ^SEARCH ^COMMANDS
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^^SC\\##- CONTINUE SEARCH. ^THE SEARCH CONTINUES FROM THE LAST
SUCCESSFUL MATCH (POSSIBLY EVEN IN THE MIDDLE OF THE WORD). ^A SEARCH CANNOT BE
CONTINUED PAST THE END OF THE BLOCK.
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^S^M##- SAME AS ^S, ONLY FOR THE ENTIRE FILE, NOT JUST THE CURRENT
BLOCK. ^UNLIKE ^S, WHICH RETURNS TO THE START OF THE BLOCK,
^S^M BEGINS AT THE START OF THE CURRENT BLOCK AND
CONTINUES FROM THERE TO THE END OF THE FILE; IT DOES NOT GO BACK TO THE
START OF THE FILE.
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^S^C^M - CONTINUE MULTIPLE BLOCK SEARCH. ^SAME AS ^S^C, ONLY FOR
^S^C^M. ^USE OF THE ^R COMMAND (IN ANY DIRECTION) BEFORE ^S^C^M
IS PERMISSIBLE.
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^NOTE:
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^IF THE BLOCK HAS BEEN ZAPPED, ^S^C^M WILL AUTOMATICALLY WRITE IT OUT IN
THE COURSE OF THE SEARCH. ^THIS FEATURE IS A VARIATION FROM THE 
PHILOSOPHY EMBODIED IN THE ^W COMMAND AND SHOULD BE CAREFULLY
NOTED.
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^^VI. S\\EARCH ^COMMAND - ^CONTINUED
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^BY THE USE OF SWITCHES FOLLOWING THE ^S (^S^M) COMMAND,
THE USER CAN AVAIL HIMSELF OF ADDITIONAL FACILITIES. ^SWITCHES MAY
BE SPECIFIED IN ANY ORDER AND IN ANY COMBINATION.
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^S/^F - INITIATE FULLWORD SEARCH. ^THE RIGHT-JUSIFIED SEARCH
STRING MUST MATCH THE ENTIRE WORD FOR THE SEARCH TO BE SUCCESSFUL.
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^NOTE:
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^IN ASCII (7-BIT) MODE, IF BIT 35 IS INCLUDED IN THE SEARCH STRING, THIS
AUTOMATICALLY REQUESTS A FULLWORD SEARCH.
^IN INSTRUCTION MODE, ^S/^F REQUIRES AN EXACT MATCH OF THE INSTRUCTION
AS TYPED IN. ^IN ALL OTHER MODES, LOOKING FOR 36 (35)
BITS IS NOT EQUIVALENT TO ^S/^F.
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^S/^R - SEARCH AND REPLACE AUTOMATICALLY. ^THE REPLACEMENT
VALUE IS TYPED IN AFTER THE SEARCH VALUE (THE ROUTINE WILL ASK FOR
EACH IN TURN). ^EXCEPT FOR A FULLWORD SEARCH, THE SEARCH AND
REPLACEMENT STRINGS MUST BE THE SAME LENGTH. ^^ZAP!\\ EDITING
CONVENTIONS (WITH SEARCH EXCEPTIONS) APPLY.
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^S/^C - AUTOMATICALLY CONTINUE SEARCH AFTER THE VALUE HAS BEEN
ZAPPED OR REPLACED. ^DURING THE SEARCH, TYPING
_^^C (CTRL-^C) WILL HALT THE SEARCH
EVENTUALLY (ESPECIALLY IN THE CASE OF ^S/^R/^C).
^USE THIS SWITCH WITH CAUTION.
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^S/^W - REQUIRES THAT THE MATCHING STRING BE FOUND ENTIRELY WITHIN
ONE WORD, NOT SPREAD ACROSS TWO WORDS AS IS NORMALLY ALLOWED.
^IF A FULLWORD SEARCH IS REQUESTED, THIS SWITCH IS IGNORED.
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^^VII. M\\ISCELLANEOUS ^COMMANDS
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^PN - ^SET ^WRITE ^PROTECTION
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^IF N = 0, ALL COMMANDS OPERATE NORMALLY (THE FILE IS UNPROTECTED). ^IF N = 1, THE FILE
WILL BE WRITE PROTECTED. ^Z WILL NOT WORK, AND THE VARIOUS
^S COMMANDS WILL DISPLAY ONLY (IN PARTICULAR, ^S/^R WILL
CAUSE AN ERROR). ^IF THE FILE IS WRITE-PROTECTED BY THE SYSTEM, ^P0
HAS NO EFFECT.
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^I - ^INFORMATION
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^PRINT THE NAME AND SIZE OF THE CURRENT FILE, THE CURRENT BLOCK
AND MODE, THE PROTECTION AND ZAPPED STATUS, AND THE SEARCH
CONDITIONS.
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^TK - ^SET ^TERMINAL ^STATUS
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^^ZAP!\\ WAS WRITTEN ON AND FOR A ^^CRT\\ TYPE TERMINAL. ^HARDCOPY
USERS WILL FIND EDITING EASIER BY DEFINING THEIR TERMINAL AS HARDCOPY -
"^T^H". ^LINE-FEEDS WILL BE INSERTED AFTER BACKSPACES FOR GREATER
LEGIBILITY. "^T^C" RETURNS TO ^^CRT\\ TYPE.
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^H - ^TYPE THE "^^HELP"\\ MESSAGE.
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^HK - TYPE THE HELP MESSAGE FOR COMMAND "K".